Dangerous liaisons: the ecology of private interest and common good
... That an individual host and its parasites share a common interest is intuitively clear: if the host dies, the parasite loses a carrier for transmission to other hosts. Similarly, a plant and a pollinator share a common interest: for both it is important that their interaction works out as it should, ...
... That an individual host and its parasites share a common interest is intuitively clear: if the host dies, the parasite loses a carrier for transmission to other hosts. Similarly, a plant and a pollinator share a common interest: for both it is important that their interaction works out as it should, ...
as a PDF
... importance perhaps only to bees and moths. Beetle pollination is particularly common in Annonaceae, Araceae (127, 155, 156), Cyclanthaceae (26), Lauraceae, Myristicaceae (10,76), and Palmae (27,67,68, 102). The beetles involved are diverse, from weevils two millimeters in length to scarabs that are ...
... importance perhaps only to bees and moths. Beetle pollination is particularly common in Annonaceae, Araceae (127, 155, 156), Cyclanthaceae (26), Lauraceae, Myristicaceae (10,76), and Palmae (27,67,68, 102). The beetles involved are diverse, from weevils two millimeters in length to scarabs that are ...
Markov Chain Analysis of Succession in a Rocky Subtidal Community
... Witman 1997). Nine permanently marked 0.25-m2 quadrats, positioned horizontally along a 20-m span of the rock wall habitat, were photographed each year with a Nikonos camera mounted on a quadrapod frame (Witman 1985). A total of 14 species of sponges, sea anemones, ascidians, bryozoans, and polychae ...
... Witman 1997). Nine permanently marked 0.25-m2 quadrats, positioned horizontally along a 20-m span of the rock wall habitat, were photographed each year with a Nikonos camera mounted on a quadrapod frame (Witman 1985). A total of 14 species of sponges, sea anemones, ascidians, bryozoans, and polychae ...
Distribution/abundance relations in a New Zealand grassland
... and its local abundance, i.e., widely occurring species tend to be more abundant locally when they do occur. Such relations have been documented over a wide range of taxa and spatial scales. There are five major hypotheses seeking to explain the relation: Random placement, Sampling error, Niche widt ...
... and its local abundance, i.e., widely occurring species tend to be more abundant locally when they do occur. Such relations have been documented over a wide range of taxa and spatial scales. There are five major hypotheses seeking to explain the relation: Random placement, Sampling error, Niche widt ...
Beyond demography and delisting: ecological recovery for
... enables the de-listing of species once demographic criteria are met. In the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, two protected apex carnivores, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolves (Canis lupus), face removal from federal government protection due to population increases, a point at which they are expe ...
... enables the de-listing of species once demographic criteria are met. In the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, two protected apex carnivores, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolves (Canis lupus), face removal from federal government protection due to population increases, a point at which they are expe ...
Trait- and Density-Mediated Indirect Interactions Initiated by an
... Here I examine an exotic plant invader that serves as an autogenic ecosystem engineer initiating indirect interactions via both DMIIs and TMIIs that are transmitted by a native predator to both primary and secondary receiver species. Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) is an exotic perennial forb ...
... Here I examine an exotic plant invader that serves as an autogenic ecosystem engineer initiating indirect interactions via both DMIIs and TMIIs that are transmitted by a native predator to both primary and secondary receiver species. Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) is an exotic perennial forb ...
Trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems. Reflections on
... folivorous and root-munching herbivores. What happens to this morally purified ecosystem when we wait long enough (as defined by plant generation length) to gauge shifts in plant communities, including invasions from larger regional species pools of both plants and herbivores? If trophic cascades ar ...
... folivorous and root-munching herbivores. What happens to this morally purified ecosystem when we wait long enough (as defined by plant generation length) to gauge shifts in plant communities, including invasions from larger regional species pools of both plants and herbivores? If trophic cascades ar ...
From Energy Gradient and Natural Selection to Biodiversity and
... Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to incorporate well-established ecological principles into a foodweb model consisting of four trophic levels --- abiotic resources, plants, herbivores, and carnivores. The underlining principles include Kimura's neutral theory of genetic evolution, Liebig's Law ...
... Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to incorporate well-established ecological principles into a foodweb model consisting of four trophic levels --- abiotic resources, plants, herbivores, and carnivores. The underlining principles include Kimura's neutral theory of genetic evolution, Liebig's Law ...
Evolution: Much More than Genetics. The Need for a Holistic View
... no need for large changes to generate new species, and to a considerable extent evolution certainly occurs in the neoDarwinian way. But this is not the entire story. In the evolution of life on Earth, there are larger, sudden changes, as, for instance, very fast extinction processes due to meteorite ...
... no need for large changes to generate new species, and to a considerable extent evolution certainly occurs in the neoDarwinian way. But this is not the entire story. In the evolution of life on Earth, there are larger, sudden changes, as, for instance, very fast extinction processes due to meteorite ...
Section 1: Developing a Theory Key Ideas • Why is evolutionary
... predictions. For example, if species have changed over time, the genes that determine their characteristics should also have changed. Genes can change by mutation and that such change can make new varieties appear. Natural selection may “select against” some varieties and so “favor” others. ...
... predictions. For example, if species have changed over time, the genes that determine their characteristics should also have changed. Genes can change by mutation and that such change can make new varieties appear. Natural selection may “select against” some varieties and so “favor” others. ...
Threatened Species Conservation Act Statutory Review
... Biodiversity provides us with important economic benefits and is also a defining feature of our nation and heritage. It helps us to access clean water and air, healthy soils, food and medicinal resources; to resist disease; and to adaptively respond to threats such as climate change. Nature’s plants ...
... Biodiversity provides us with important economic benefits and is also a defining feature of our nation and heritage. It helps us to access clean water and air, healthy soils, food and medicinal resources; to resist disease; and to adaptively respond to threats such as climate change. Nature’s plants ...
Unit: BIODIVERSITY (Reading material exclusively for students of
... ecosystems on the planet (WCMC 1992; Heywood 1995; Levin 2001). For most groups of terrestrial plants and animals, species diversity is lowest near the poles and increases toward the tropics, reaching its peak in tropical rain forests. These forests, occupying only 6 percent of the earth’s land surf ...
... ecosystems on the planet (WCMC 1992; Heywood 1995; Levin 2001). For most groups of terrestrial plants and animals, species diversity is lowest near the poles and increases toward the tropics, reaching its peak in tropical rain forests. These forests, occupying only 6 percent of the earth’s land surf ...
Important conservation research topics on terrestrial
... Research: (rank = 1+) A survey of other possible habitat should be undertaken as soon as possible and, if necessary, a technique for captive breeding designed immediately so that a new population can be established. Allied work should be done on one of the more common members of this genus before st ...
... Research: (rank = 1+) A survey of other possible habitat should be undertaken as soon as possible and, if necessary, a technique for captive breeding designed immediately so that a new population can be established. Allied work should be done on one of the more common members of this genus before st ...
Macroecology: more than the division of food and
... statistical analyses, they analysed the relationships between body mass, population density and geographical range. Specifically, their analysis predicted strong competition among species of similar size, higher extinction rates of larger species, and strong energetic constraints on smaller organism ...
... statistical analyses, they analysed the relationships between body mass, population density and geographical range. Specifically, their analysis predicted strong competition among species of similar size, higher extinction rates of larger species, and strong energetic constraints on smaller organism ...
Appendix S1. Details of Species Distribution Modeling and
... patches). This leads to a carrying capacity estimate of 1,173 per ha for age 60+ shrubs. While these values may underestimate the actual but theoretical ceiling possible, they provide a consistent upper bound that can be used across all scenarios for ranking and comparison of outcomes. Density depen ...
... patches). This leads to a carrying capacity estimate of 1,173 per ha for age 60+ shrubs. While these values may underestimate the actual but theoretical ceiling possible, they provide a consistent upper bound that can be used across all scenarios for ranking and comparison of outcomes. Density depen ...
15 Competition 2010
... 1) Facilitation is the alternative to competition; it is understudied. 2) Consumers compete by using a resource that reduces availability to others. 3) Competition occurs through exploitation of shared resources or direct interference. 4) Responses of plant and animal species to intraspecific compet ...
... 1) Facilitation is the alternative to competition; it is understudied. 2) Consumers compete by using a resource that reduces availability to others. 3) Competition occurs through exploitation of shared resources or direct interference. 4) Responses of plant and animal species to intraspecific compet ...
The effects of substrate types on species diversity
... substrate types ● Highest diversity on rocky substrate ...
... substrate types ● Highest diversity on rocky substrate ...
Parasite establishment in host communities - People
... naturally, because one host species provides a ÔsinkÕ for infective propagules produced by the alternative host (see also Schmidt & Ostfeld 2001). This case was not part of Tilman’s original classificatory scheme, but has since been recognized as feasible in some predator–prey systems (e.g. Holt 198 ...
... naturally, because one host species provides a ÔsinkÕ for infective propagules produced by the alternative host (see also Schmidt & Ostfeld 2001). This case was not part of Tilman’s original classificatory scheme, but has since been recognized as feasible in some predator–prey systems (e.g. Holt 198 ...
Seasonal species interactions minimize the impact of species
... dynamics of the terrestrial vertebrate predator–prey community in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (northeast Poland). Between summer and winter, this community shows an important species turnover and changes in species interactions (predator diet). Using a general predator–prey model (Case and Caste ...
... dynamics of the terrestrial vertebrate predator–prey community in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (northeast Poland). Between summer and winter, this community shows an important species turnover and changes in species interactions (predator diet). Using a general predator–prey model (Case and Caste ...
Research_publications_files/Silvertown et al. 2006
... 8 Inverse clines in flowering time occur in the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum across some plot boundaries. These suggest that reproductive isolation between plots has been reinforced by natural selection. 9 Drift as well as selection may have taken place in A. odoratum, especially on plots where effec ...
... 8 Inverse clines in flowering time occur in the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum across some plot boundaries. These suggest that reproductive isolation between plots has been reinforced by natural selection. 9 Drift as well as selection may have taken place in A. odoratum, especially on plots where effec ...
the role of ecological culture as an indicator of sustainable
... Cultural ecology studies the characteristic of a particular society cultural traits that have arisen in the process of adaptation to natural environment the ratio of habitats and technology inherent in a particular culture, especially the use of public food and other natural resources; behaviors rel ...
... Cultural ecology studies the characteristic of a particular society cultural traits that have arisen in the process of adaptation to natural environment the ratio of habitats and technology inherent in a particular culture, especially the use of public food and other natural resources; behaviors rel ...
Relationship between evenness and body size in species rich
... influence evenness, these results help explain why evenness is an important correlate of ecosystem function. ...
... influence evenness, these results help explain why evenness is an important correlate of ecosystem function. ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.