Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction
... Thus the number of colonizable patches for such a species is given by the clustering degree of its colonies with unoccupied suitable patches, which can be found using a pair approximation (Appendix S1; Matsuda et al. 1992, Harada and Iwasa 1994, Boots and Sasaki 2000, Liao et al. 2013b, Ying et al. ...
... Thus the number of colonizable patches for such a species is given by the clustering degree of its colonies with unoccupied suitable patches, which can be found using a pair approximation (Appendix S1; Matsuda et al. 1992, Harada and Iwasa 1994, Boots and Sasaki 2000, Liao et al. 2013b, Ying et al. ...
What does ecological modelling model? A proposed classification of
... BAM diagram. If we use presence-only data, the model also represents the realized niche, because correlations among the species distribution and the environmental factors are obtained through the presence data. If the position of species records change, the values of the variables also change (Lobo ...
... BAM diagram. If we use presence-only data, the model also represents the realized niche, because correlations among the species distribution and the environmental factors are obtained through the presence data. If the position of species records change, the values of the variables also change (Lobo ...
Genetic diversity
... • And traits are heritable • Then those individuals who are best adapted to the environment will survive and pass on their genes • Gradually the gene frequency in the population will represent more of these “fit” individuals Diunduh dari: plattscience.wikispaces.com/file/.../18.+Biodiversity+in+Ecos ...
... • And traits are heritable • Then those individuals who are best adapted to the environment will survive and pass on their genes • Gradually the gene frequency in the population will represent more of these “fit” individuals Diunduh dari: plattscience.wikispaces.com/file/.../18.+Biodiversity+in+Ecos ...
Cunningham et al
... Enquist, B. J., and K. J. Niklas. 2002. “Global Allocation Rules for Patterns of Biomass Partitioning in Seed Plants.” Science 295: 1517-1520. Shows that the ratio of above- to below-ground tissue is constant across a wide range of plants. Farhig, L. 2001. “How Much Is Enough?” Biological Conservati ...
... Enquist, B. J., and K. J. Niklas. 2002. “Global Allocation Rules for Patterns of Biomass Partitioning in Seed Plants.” Science 295: 1517-1520. Shows that the ratio of above- to below-ground tissue is constant across a wide range of plants. Farhig, L. 2001. “How Much Is Enough?” Biological Conservati ...
Network structure beyond food webs: mapping nontrophic and
... trophic interactions can often be observed in the field, either directly or using simple methods such as the examination of gut contents. Second, unlike the binary nature of trophic interactions (e.g., a predator either eats the prey species or does not), the net outcome of most non-trophic interacti ...
... trophic interactions can often be observed in the field, either directly or using simple methods such as the examination of gut contents. Second, unlike the binary nature of trophic interactions (e.g., a predator either eats the prey species or does not), the net outcome of most non-trophic interacti ...
Network structure beyond food webs: mapping non
... trophic interactions can often be observed in the field, either directly or using simple methods such as the examination of gut contents. Second, unlike the binary nature of trophic interactions (e.g., a predator either eats the prey species or does not), the net outcome of most non-trophic interacti ...
... trophic interactions can often be observed in the field, either directly or using simple methods such as the examination of gut contents. Second, unlike the binary nature of trophic interactions (e.g., a predator either eats the prey species or does not), the net outcome of most non-trophic interacti ...
Ecology 84 - A Thousand Invisible Cords
... Abstract. We present evidence that the heritable genetic variation within individual species, especially dominant and keystone species, has community and ecosystem consequences. These consequences represent extended phenotypes, i.e., the effects of genes at levels higher than the population. Using d ...
... Abstract. We present evidence that the heritable genetic variation within individual species, especially dominant and keystone species, has community and ecosystem consequences. These consequences represent extended phenotypes, i.e., the effects of genes at levels higher than the population. Using d ...
Introductory Research Essay
... The diversity of life is astounding. Earth holds approximately 8.7 million unique species (Mora et al. 2011). A central question within ecology asks, what maintains this diversity of species? How do so many species coexist? There are different ways to answer this question depending on one’s point of ...
... The diversity of life is astounding. Earth holds approximately 8.7 million unique species (Mora et al. 2011). A central question within ecology asks, what maintains this diversity of species? How do so many species coexist? There are different ways to answer this question depending on one’s point of ...
Essential Biology 5 File
... Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using external recognition features and giving examples. ...
... Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using external recognition features and giving examples. ...
To what extent do natural disturbances contribute to Andean plant
... important interface between the so-called “Tumbes-ChocóMagdalena biodiversity hotspot” along the Pacific Coast and the Cordillera Occidental in the west and the Amazon lowlands with equivalent moist forests of the Napo-CasquetaMagdalena area in the east. In a meridional sense, both the western and ...
... important interface between the so-called “Tumbes-ChocóMagdalena biodiversity hotspot” along the Pacific Coast and the Cordillera Occidental in the west and the Amazon lowlands with equivalent moist forests of the Napo-CasquetaMagdalena area in the east. In a meridional sense, both the western and ...
Evolutionary branching and sympatric speciation
... Evolutionary branching has been found in a number of models including models for the evolution of dispersal rates (Doebeli and Ruxton 1997, Parvinen 1999) and for the evolution of seed size (Geritz et al. 1999), in host-parasite models (Koella and Doebeli 1999, Boots and Haraguchi 1999), in models f ...
... Evolutionary branching has been found in a number of models including models for the evolution of dispersal rates (Doebeli and Ruxton 1997, Parvinen 1999) and for the evolution of seed size (Geritz et al. 1999), in host-parasite models (Koella and Doebeli 1999, Boots and Haraguchi 1999), in models f ...
Using trait-based ecology to restore resilient ecosystems
... historical conditions has been questioned in this era of rapid global change. Trait-based ecology offers an alternative approach for setting restoration objectives. If we understand which phenotypic traits confer high survival in a given environment, then we can restore assemblages of species with f ...
... historical conditions has been questioned in this era of rapid global change. Trait-based ecology offers an alternative approach for setting restoration objectives. If we understand which phenotypic traits confer high survival in a given environment, then we can restore assemblages of species with f ...
Strand 4 Concept 2: HEREDITY (Life Science)
... 7. The 3 behavioral interactions organisms use to survive when they interact with other organisms. (3 letters) 8. The 3 symbiotic relationships that can exist between organisms. (3 letters) Shepherd – Code 1. A close living relationship between two different types of organisms where at least one ben ...
... 7. The 3 behavioral interactions organisms use to survive when they interact with other organisms. (3 letters) 8. The 3 symbiotic relationships that can exist between organisms. (3 letters) Shepherd – Code 1. A close living relationship between two different types of organisms where at least one ben ...
Pastoral Livestock Herding - Society For Range Management
... Privatisation provided tremendous incentives for increasing livestock numbers State cancelled its subsidies in most livestock related areas and herders responded by increasing livestock numbers to overcome the risk Break of the centralised livestock procurement and an absence of adequate repla ...
... Privatisation provided tremendous incentives for increasing livestock numbers State cancelled its subsidies in most livestock related areas and herders responded by increasing livestock numbers to overcome the risk Break of the centralised livestock procurement and an absence of adequate repla ...
Minireview: The importance of benthic
... (Gaines and Roughgarden 1985; Lewin 1986) that was developed to explain the destiny of benthic communities. The maintenance of populations and species requires that organisms are replaced when they die. Life cycles and histories play a fundamental role in the replacement process. The concept of supp ...
... (Gaines and Roughgarden 1985; Lewin 1986) that was developed to explain the destiny of benthic communities. The maintenance of populations and species requires that organisms are replaced when they die. Life cycles and histories play a fundamental role in the replacement process. The concept of supp ...
Biological diversity, ecosystem stability and economic
... now if current patterns of resource use were to continue. This would be perfectly reasonable in a world where the material or energetic throughput of the global economy were small relative to the overall scale o f the w o r l d ' s biogeochemical cycles. But the global economy is now large relative ...
... now if current patterns of resource use were to continue. This would be perfectly reasonable in a world where the material or energetic throughput of the global economy were small relative to the overall scale o f the w o r l d ' s biogeochemical cycles. But the global economy is now large relative ...
Engineering microbial systems to explore ecological and
... to address the evolution of restrained growth [45]. Prudent use of common resources (and hence restrained growth) is a form of altruism. It likely prolongs the persistence of the community, but such a trait has competitive disadvantage against less-restrained individuals who enjoy higher fitness t ...
... to address the evolution of restrained growth [45]. Prudent use of common resources (and hence restrained growth) is a form of altruism. It likely prolongs the persistence of the community, but such a trait has competitive disadvantage against less-restrained individuals who enjoy higher fitness t ...
Gene drives - Wyss Institute
... Could gene drives affect human populations? Not without taking centuries. As noted above, they take a long time to spread through populations with long generation times. For example, if we introduced ...
... Could gene drives affect human populations? Not without taking centuries. As noted above, they take a long time to spread through populations with long generation times. For example, if we introduced ...
Using Ecological Land Classification
... recolonization of empty patches will decrease with isolation of these patches (Hanski, 1994). Patch restoration is necessary in these cases but there is often a lag experienced in projects of this nature wherein a significant number of patches need to be restored before there is a positive influence ...
... recolonization of empty patches will decrease with isolation of these patches (Hanski, 1994). Patch restoration is necessary in these cases but there is often a lag experienced in projects of this nature wherein a significant number of patches need to be restored before there is a positive influence ...
COEVOLUTION DRIVES TEMPORAL CHANGES IN FITNESS AND
... also predicted that there should be genotypic differences in competitive ability, which should also be environment-dependent, because the outcome of competition will clearly depend on resource input. We predicted that the diversity of hosts, and the abundance of parasitoids on those hosts, should in ...
... also predicted that there should be genotypic differences in competitive ability, which should also be environment-dependent, because the outcome of competition will clearly depend on resource input. We predicted that the diversity of hosts, and the abundance of parasitoids on those hosts, should in ...
The Ecological Significance of Mycorrhizae
... likewise form arbitrary relationships with a variety of fungi (Smith & Read 1997, as cited in Helgason et al. 2002). However, there is also evidence that although some AM fungi lack specificity, other fungi form mycorrhizal relationships with only a few certain species of plants (Helgason et al. 200 ...
... likewise form arbitrary relationships with a variety of fungi (Smith & Read 1997, as cited in Helgason et al. 2002). However, there is also evidence that although some AM fungi lack specificity, other fungi form mycorrhizal relationships with only a few certain species of plants (Helgason et al. 200 ...
Habitat and Niche
... A species’ niche must be specific to that species; no two species can fill the same niche. They can have very similar niches, which can overlap, but there must be distinct differences between any two niches. When plants and animals are introduced, either intentionally or by accident, into a new envi ...
... A species’ niche must be specific to that species; no two species can fill the same niche. They can have very similar niches, which can overlap, but there must be distinct differences between any two niches. When plants and animals are introduced, either intentionally or by accident, into a new envi ...
2014 apes review
... c. For organisms to further deplete resources, become weaker, and for some, to perish d. For the intrinsic rate of increase to reach equilibrium with gross primary productivity e. For the birth rate to equal the total solar output per unit rate ...
... c. For organisms to further deplete resources, become weaker, and for some, to perish d. For the intrinsic rate of increase to reach equilibrium with gross primary productivity e. For the birth rate to equal the total solar output per unit rate ...
Gene drives FAQ
... Could gene drives affect human populations? Not without taking centuries. As noted above, they take a long time to spread through populations with long generation times. For example, if we introduced a trait into elephants (which have a long generation time like humans) using a gene drive today, the ...
... Could gene drives affect human populations? Not without taking centuries. As noted above, they take a long time to spread through populations with long generation times. For example, if we introduced a trait into elephants (which have a long generation time like humans) using a gene drive today, the ...
Experimental evidence for fundamental, and not realized, niche
... competing species then evolve to use different resources, thereby alleviating interspecific competition (Brown & Wilson 1956; Schluter 1994). When this process occurs between multiple species within a community, it is termed community-wide ECD (Strong, Szyska & Simberloff 1979). Patterns of niche pa ...
... competing species then evolve to use different resources, thereby alleviating interspecific competition (Brown & Wilson 1956; Schluter 1994). When this process occurs between multiple species within a community, it is termed community-wide ECD (Strong, Szyska & Simberloff 1979). Patterns of niche pa ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.