Species Invasions and the Relationships between Species Diversity
... 2002; Sax and Gaines 2003). Similarly, San Francisco Bay contains at least several hundred exotic invertebrates, which constitute up to 99% of the biomass at some sites (Cohen and Carlton 1998; Ruiz et al. 2000). Because the same processes that influence invasion by exotic species should also influe ...
... 2002; Sax and Gaines 2003). Similarly, San Francisco Bay contains at least several hundred exotic invertebrates, which constitute up to 99% of the biomass at some sites (Cohen and Carlton 1998; Ruiz et al. 2000). Because the same processes that influence invasion by exotic species should also influe ...
ALTERNATIVE COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES IN A PERIODICALL Y
... colony. Possible mechanisms for colony defense may involve the development of specialized spines (Stebbing, 1973a; 1973b), spicules, toxins, or growth inhibitors (Kato et al., 1963; 1967). Competitive mechanisms of sessile organisms have recently been reviewed by Jackson (1977). Overgrowth can be vi ...
... colony. Possible mechanisms for colony defense may involve the development of specialized spines (Stebbing, 1973a; 1973b), spicules, toxins, or growth inhibitors (Kato et al., 1963; 1967). Competitive mechanisms of sessile organisms have recently been reviewed by Jackson (1977). Overgrowth can be vi ...
Chapter 20
... • Interspecific interactions can be classified according to the effect on the populations concerned. – –/– interactions occur when two populations in a community compete for a common resource. – +/+ interactions are mutually beneficial, such as between plants and their pollinators. – +/– interactio ...
... • Interspecific interactions can be classified according to the effect on the populations concerned. – –/– interactions occur when two populations in a community compete for a common resource. – +/+ interactions are mutually beneficial, such as between plants and their pollinators. – +/– interactio ...
Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Management: An
... species differ substantially in terms of how much genetic diversity they embody. Although the species is generally considered to be the fundamental unit for scientific analysis of biodiversity, it is important to recognize that biological diversity concerns the variety of living organisms at all lev ...
... species differ substantially in terms of how much genetic diversity they embody. Although the species is generally considered to be the fundamental unit for scientific analysis of biodiversity, it is important to recognize that biological diversity concerns the variety of living organisms at all lev ...
Protecting threatened species and ecological communities from
... vulnerable to predation by foxes, which also eat bogong moths. Feral cats may be able to spread to some islands currently too wet for them now and which serve ...
... vulnerable to predation by foxes, which also eat bogong moths. Feral cats may be able to spread to some islands currently too wet for them now and which serve ...
Symbiosis and Nutrition
... Mutualism is distinguished from the other two types of symbiosis, because in this variety both creatures benefit. Thus, there is no host, and theoretically the partners are equal, though in practice one usually holds dominance over the other. An example of this inequality is the relationship between ...
... Mutualism is distinguished from the other two types of symbiosis, because in this variety both creatures benefit. Thus, there is no host, and theoretically the partners are equal, though in practice one usually holds dominance over the other. An example of this inequality is the relationship between ...
Mechanisms responsible for the positive diversity–productivity relationship in Minnesota grasslands
... productive species dominate diverse plots, a positive diversity–productivity relationship could still be observed because these species are more likely to be present at high diversity (a positive selection or sampling effect; Aarssen 1997; Huston 1997; Tilman et al. 1997a; Loreau & Hector 2001). ...
... productive species dominate diverse plots, a positive diversity–productivity relationship could still be observed because these species are more likely to be present at high diversity (a positive selection or sampling effect; Aarssen 1997; Huston 1997; Tilman et al. 1997a; Loreau & Hector 2001). ...
VERTEBRATES: FISH, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, MAMMALS
... and ponds that may contain water for days or weeks during a rainy period of the year, to permanent lakes that support diverse communities of fish and invertebrates. Generally, the hydroperiod gradient is seen as representing a trade-off for amphibians and other organisms that occupy lentic, freshwat ...
... and ponds that may contain water for days or weeks during a rainy period of the year, to permanent lakes that support diverse communities of fish and invertebrates. Generally, the hydroperiod gradient is seen as representing a trade-off for amphibians and other organisms that occupy lentic, freshwat ...
3.6 M - Thierry Karsenti
... 1. The term ‘population’ as applied in ecology refers to … a) Any one individual of one species in one area. b) Many individuals of many species in many areas. c) All individuals found in a given area. d) All individuals of one species in one area. 2. Commensalism is the relationship between two org ...
... 1. The term ‘population’ as applied in ecology refers to … a) Any one individual of one species in one area. b) Many individuals of many species in many areas. c) All individuals found in a given area. d) All individuals of one species in one area. 2. Commensalism is the relationship between two org ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
... dynamical behaviours, from stable equilibrium dynamics to two point cycles through more complex dynamics including chaotic fluctuations (May and Oster 1976). Introducing a spatial element into these models can have varying results, sensitive to the specific underlying assumptions (see Bowler and Ben ...
... dynamical behaviours, from stable equilibrium dynamics to two point cycles through more complex dynamics including chaotic fluctuations (May and Oster 1976). Introducing a spatial element into these models can have varying results, sensitive to the specific underlying assumptions (see Bowler and Ben ...
The role of biotic interactions in shaping distributions and realised
... Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Ecologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes Anthropisés, 1 Rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France ...
... Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Ecologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes Anthropisés, 1 Rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France ...
The role of biotic interactions in shaping distributions and realised
... Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Ecologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes Anthropisés, 1 Rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France ...
... Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Ecologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes Anthropisés, 1 Rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France ...
mangroves - Department of Environmental Science and Policy
... • The finding was new in the discussion on ecosystem services provision. • Highlights the need for detailed knowledge about the ecological production functions along with the economic conditions of the individuals and species who receive the benefits. • The model succeeds in incorporating not only t ...
... • The finding was new in the discussion on ecosystem services provision. • Highlights the need for detailed knowledge about the ecological production functions along with the economic conditions of the individuals and species who receive the benefits. • The model succeeds in incorporating not only t ...
A meta-analysis of the effects of cushion plants on high
... our meta-analysis included several cushion species and covered their effects along almost the entire range of the southern Andes (see Table 1), this finding allows us to suggest that cushions are nurses for most vascular plants. These positive effects of cushions clearly agree with local studies of ...
... our meta-analysis included several cushion species and covered their effects along almost the entire range of the southern Andes (see Table 1), this finding allows us to suggest that cushions are nurses for most vascular plants. These positive effects of cushions clearly agree with local studies of ...
114 Evolutionary Diversification of Alpine Ginger Reflects Ancient
... in ginger family distributed in the Pan-Himalaya, with different species richness and geographic distribution. They also differ in morphology and life history, especially the dispersal ability of seeds. The evolutionary diversifications of many taxonomic groups, especially those with limited dispers ...
... in ginger family distributed in the Pan-Himalaya, with different species richness and geographic distribution. They also differ in morphology and life history, especially the dispersal ability of seeds. The evolutionary diversifications of many taxonomic groups, especially those with limited dispers ...
Species, Functional Groups, and Thresholds in Ecological Resilience
... and pattern, so animal body mass reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of resources. We used the logtransformed rank-ordered body masses of breeding birds associated with grasslands to identify aggregations and discontinuities in the distribution of those body masses. We assessed cross-scal ...
... and pattern, so animal body mass reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of resources. We used the logtransformed rank-ordered body masses of breeding birds associated with grasslands to identify aggregations and discontinuities in the distribution of those body masses. We assessed cross-scal ...
Saving the World`s Terrestrial Megafauna
... 8. S trive for increased awareness among the global public of the current megafauna crisis using traditional media as well as social media and other networking approaches. 9. S eek a new and comprehensive global commitment and framework for conserving megafauna. The international community shoul ...
... 8. S trive for increased awareness among the global public of the current megafauna crisis using traditional media as well as social media and other networking approaches. 9. S eek a new and comprehensive global commitment and framework for conserving megafauna. The international community shoul ...
Effects of Climate Change and Habitat Fragmentation on
... makes it more difficult for species to colonize new areas and maintain viable populations. Rises in global average temperatures force species to adapt to new climatic conditions, for example through altered timing of biological events or by shifting their distributions into areas with suitable condi ...
... makes it more difficult for species to colonize new areas and maintain viable populations. Rises in global average temperatures force species to adapt to new climatic conditions, for example through altered timing of biological events or by shifting their distributions into areas with suitable condi ...
UNIT 9 NOTES
... what types of animals. So, if I understand this right, a particular area can be described by its characteristic weather, plants, and animals. That would describe a biome. Actually land, or terrestrial, biomes since aquatic ones are not described by weather but salinity. I think this will make more s ...
... what types of animals. So, if I understand this right, a particular area can be described by its characteristic weather, plants, and animals. That would describe a biome. Actually land, or terrestrial, biomes since aquatic ones are not described by weather but salinity. I think this will make more s ...
Manier MK., and SJ. Arnold. 2006. Ecological correlates of population genetic structure: a comparative approach using a vertebrate metacommunity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273:3001-3009.
... value of the source population. In this model, ELEVDIFF was an asymmetrical matrix of differences, with negative values indicating that the receiving site was lower in elevation than the source site. Stepwise regression of Ne was performed in SAS v. 9.2 (SAS Institute 2002). Analyses of r or FST/(1K ...
... value of the source population. In this model, ELEVDIFF was an asymmetrical matrix of differences, with negative values indicating that the receiving site was lower in elevation than the source site. Stepwise regression of Ne was performed in SAS v. 9.2 (SAS Institute 2002). Analyses of r or FST/(1K ...
shared and unique features of diversification in greater antillean
... effects on morphology (reflecting either island effects per se or phylogenetic relationships) and unique aspects of habitat diversification on different islands were also important. There were three distinct cases of island-specific habitat diversification, and only one was confounded by phylogeneti ...
... effects on morphology (reflecting either island effects per se or phylogenetic relationships) and unique aspects of habitat diversification on different islands were also important. There were three distinct cases of island-specific habitat diversification, and only one was confounded by phylogeneti ...
Using phylogeographic analyses of gene trees to test species status
... clade frequencies and sample sizes per locality. If statistically significant patterns are detected by the above analysis, they next need to be interpreted biologically. The strength of the phylogeographic NCA is that it can separate the effects of recurrent gene flow from those of historical events ...
... clade frequencies and sample sizes per locality. If statistically significant patterns are detected by the above analysis, they next need to be interpreted biologically. The strength of the phylogeographic NCA is that it can separate the effects of recurrent gene flow from those of historical events ...
Biodiversity in grasslands: current changes and scenarios for the
... Grasslands, in common with other major biomes, are experiencing the effects of major global changes. There are various possible scenarios of change in biodiversity for the next century, according to the report by Sala et al. (2000). The report discusses the sensitivity of biomes to the different glo ...
... Grasslands, in common with other major biomes, are experiencing the effects of major global changes. There are various possible scenarios of change in biodiversity for the next century, according to the report by Sala et al. (2000). The report discusses the sensitivity of biomes to the different glo ...
Evolutionary responses to environmental change: trophic
... system, the singular strategy ss plant thermal trait zP is always to match the temperature of the environment T (dashed line). For uncorrelated traits, thermal traits zP ¼ zH ¼ T for all values of plant thermal niche width wP (interaction traits sP and sH depend on initial conditions). For correlate ...
... system, the singular strategy ss plant thermal trait zP is always to match the temperature of the environment T (dashed line). For uncorrelated traits, thermal traits zP ¼ zH ¼ T for all values of plant thermal niche width wP (interaction traits sP and sH depend on initial conditions). For correlate ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.