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Plant functional traits and the multidimensional nature of species
... but lay the groundwork for a theoretically justified trait-based community ecology. coexistence ...
... but lay the groundwork for a theoretically justified trait-based community ecology. coexistence ...
Effects of Plant Traits on Ecosystem and Regional
... minimizing surface build-up of heat and water vapour. In contrast, short smooth canopies, such as those of crops or grasslands, exhibit more laminar ¯ow of air across the surface, resulting in less ef®cient surface exchange and a build-up of heat and water vapour at the surface. In this way the stru ...
... minimizing surface build-up of heat and water vapour. In contrast, short smooth canopies, such as those of crops or grasslands, exhibit more laminar ¯ow of air across the surface, resulting in less ef®cient surface exchange and a build-up of heat and water vapour at the surface. In this way the stru ...
Sample Size Dependence in Measures of Proportional Similarity
... and Blake (1977), who presented values of both measures for one data set with sample size ratio Y/X = 2.7. This gave the results PS, = 0.850 and PS, = 0.513. Gallaher and Blake (1977: 264) stated: 'These results suggest that the relative index PS, is dominated by compositional similarity; whereas, t ...
... and Blake (1977), who presented values of both measures for one data set with sample size ratio Y/X = 2.7. This gave the results PS, = 0.850 and PS, = 0.513. Gallaher and Blake (1977: 264) stated: 'These results suggest that the relative index PS, is dominated by compositional similarity; whereas, t ...
Invasive species and biological invasions
... to the spread of diseases and parasites that could affect native turtles and other aquatic wildlife and carry diseases harmful to humans and many other species, such as Salmonella. For these different reasons, red-eared sliders are considered among the hundred worst invasive alien species in Europe. ...
... to the spread of diseases and parasites that could affect native turtles and other aquatic wildlife and carry diseases harmful to humans and many other species, such as Salmonella. For these different reasons, red-eared sliders are considered among the hundred worst invasive alien species in Europe. ...
section 7 - hartnell.edu
... than one percent of the light that falls on vegetation is incorporated into plant biomass (total organic matter; see page 94). The highest-yielding systems, such as tropical sugarcane fields, convert as much as 1.6 percent of the incident solar energy to plant matter. Then, in general, only about on ...
... than one percent of the light that falls on vegetation is incorporated into plant biomass (total organic matter; see page 94). The highest-yielding systems, such as tropical sugarcane fields, convert as much as 1.6 percent of the incident solar energy to plant matter. Then, in general, only about on ...
Impacts of multiple stressors on biodiversity and ecosystem
... 1993). In northern freshwater ecosystems, three important stressors are anthropogenic acidification, drought events, and depletion of stratospheric ozone, which interact to increase acidity and exposure to DNAdamaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation by reducing concentrations of UV-attenuating dissolved ...
... 1993). In northern freshwater ecosystems, three important stressors are anthropogenic acidification, drought events, and depletion of stratospheric ozone, which interact to increase acidity and exposure to DNAdamaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation by reducing concentrations of UV-attenuating dissolved ...
Case Study: black and white and spread all over Species
... alters, but does not destroy, all local organisms - The remaining organisms form “building blocks” which help shape the process of succession - Fires, hurricanes, farming, logging • Climax community = remains in place with few changes - Until another disturbance restarts succession ...
... alters, but does not destroy, all local organisms - The remaining organisms form “building blocks” which help shape the process of succession - Fires, hurricanes, farming, logging • Climax community = remains in place with few changes - Until another disturbance restarts succession ...
Grand Challenges: Behavior as a Key Component of
... stimuli, can also change very rapidly, but most physiological and virtually all morphological responses involve longer temporal lags between changes in the outside world and changes in phenotype. For example, when Hammill et al. (2010) exposed the hypotrich ciliate, Euplotes octocarinatust, to odor ...
... stimuli, can also change very rapidly, but most physiological and virtually all morphological responses involve longer temporal lags between changes in the outside world and changes in phenotype. For example, when Hammill et al. (2010) exposed the hypotrich ciliate, Euplotes octocarinatust, to odor ...
Food web structure and the evolution of ecological communities
... extinction will remove some of the old ones. When a new species arises, this will have knock-on effects on other species in the community through predation and competition interactions. There is the potential for indirect effects to influence many other species. There are now a large number of evolutio ...
... extinction will remove some of the old ones. When a new species arises, this will have knock-on effects on other species in the community through predation and competition interactions. There is the potential for indirect effects to influence many other species. There are now a large number of evolutio ...
Plant coexistence and the niche
... it has become rare [33]. This can occur by a variety of mechanisms, but, in classical competition theory, the condition for it to happen is [34]: † Test 1: intraspecific competition is greater than interspecific competition. This can occur when each species specializes on one particular region of NI ...
... it has become rare [33]. This can occur by a variety of mechanisms, but, in classical competition theory, the condition for it to happen is [34]: † Test 1: intraspecific competition is greater than interspecific competition. This can occur when each species specializes on one particular region of NI ...
Hui y McGeoch 2006
... species starts with exactly one individual (Bramson et al., 1996; Durrett and Levin, 1996). In the random fission model, the new species gets a random proportion of individuals of the ancestral species (Hubbell, 2001). However, these studies do not consider underlying genetics and simply postulate t ...
... species starts with exactly one individual (Bramson et al., 1996; Durrett and Levin, 1996). In the random fission model, the new species gets a random proportion of individuals of the ancestral species (Hubbell, 2001). However, these studies do not consider underlying genetics and simply postulate t ...
1 Limnology 2009 Section 15 Phytoplankton and Primary Production
... that in a relatively uniform environment in which species are competing for the same resources, the species that is the best competitor for a critical limiting resource (or resources) should come to dominate the community. There are often, however, two or more co-dominant species in phytoplankton co ...
... that in a relatively uniform environment in which species are competing for the same resources, the species that is the best competitor for a critical limiting resource (or resources) should come to dominate the community. There are often, however, two or more co-dominant species in phytoplankton co ...
Altitudinal zonation among lizards of the genus
... altitudinal distributions focused on specific causal factors that appear to play major roles in setting distributional limits. Another way of ordering the discussion could have been to focus upon each species separately, addressing how the different hypothesized factors are influential under differe ...
... altitudinal distributions focused on specific causal factors that appear to play major roles in setting distributional limits. Another way of ordering the discussion could have been to focus upon each species separately, addressing how the different hypothesized factors are influential under differe ...
1~7 Food Webs As A Focus For Unifying Ecological Theory
... Food web structure connects with many other parts of ecology. Here I will brieny describe some connections between food webs and (l) the species-area curve, (2) the dynamics and stability of interacting populations, and (3) body size. predator-prey allometry and species abundance. Details of these e ...
... Food web structure connects with many other parts of ecology. Here I will brieny describe some connections between food webs and (l) the species-area curve, (2) the dynamics and stability of interacting populations, and (3) body size. predator-prey allometry and species abundance. Details of these e ...
Maintaining a landscape that facilitates range shifts for terrestrial
... between climate-forced range change and low likelihood of finding distant habitats to colonize, ultimately resulting in increased extinction rates (Walther et al. 2002). This has been found to be the case globally for some bumblebee species no longer found in the southern part of their historic ran ...
... between climate-forced range change and low likelihood of finding distant habitats to colonize, ultimately resulting in increased extinction rates (Walther et al. 2002). This has been found to be the case globally for some bumblebee species no longer found in the southern part of their historic ran ...
Positive interactions in ecology: filling the fundamental niche
... increasing the spatial distribution (reducing dispersal limitations), or by modifying the physical and chemical conditions of the habitats. However, whether the new range of conditions experienced by the recipient species is greater than that predicted by the fundamental niche is uncertain because, ...
... increasing the spatial distribution (reducing dispersal limitations), or by modifying the physical and chemical conditions of the habitats. However, whether the new range of conditions experienced by the recipient species is greater than that predicted by the fundamental niche is uncertain because, ...
teaching multivariate statistics to ecologists and the
... often in nested hierarchies (e.g. Underwood & Chapman, 1998) or mixed models (e.g. Beck, 1997). Many of these designs are an anathema to students of statistics, who do not generally encounter much in the way of mixed models, at least in their undergraduate careers. Most undergraduate statistical cou ...
... often in nested hierarchies (e.g. Underwood & Chapman, 1998) or mixed models (e.g. Beck, 1997). Many of these designs are an anathema to students of statistics, who do not generally encounter much in the way of mixed models, at least in their undergraduate careers. Most undergraduate statistical cou ...
Back to the sea: secondary marine organisms
... tropical mvironment is conducive for land-to-sea transitions. It is generally accepted that biotic factors are essential in structuring complex communities, such as those in warm climates (Grime, 1977; Wilson & Lee, 2000). It would therefore be likely that biotic interactions are responsible for lan ...
... tropical mvironment is conducive for land-to-sea transitions. It is generally accepted that biotic factors are essential in structuring complex communities, such as those in warm climates (Grime, 1977; Wilson & Lee, 2000). It would therefore be likely that biotic interactions are responsible for lan ...
Invasive Species Definition Clarification and Guidance White Paper
... native estuarine plants and the community of animals they support, including huge flocks of migrating waterfowl. Kentucky bluegrass would be considered an invasive species in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, but considered non-invasive a mere 60 miles away at a golf course in Denver. Englis ...
... native estuarine plants and the community of animals they support, including huge flocks of migrating waterfowl. Kentucky bluegrass would be considered an invasive species in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, but considered non-invasive a mere 60 miles away at a golf course in Denver. Englis ...
Darwin`s Enduring Legacy
... a fungus, and many other associations that can only reasonably be explained by coevolution through diversification over millions of years. Economy of nature Darwin invented many ideas that currently constitute the science of ecology, although the word ‘ecology’ was unknown in his day. He developed t ...
... a fungus, and many other associations that can only reasonably be explained by coevolution through diversification over millions of years. Economy of nature Darwin invented many ideas that currently constitute the science of ecology, although the word ‘ecology’ was unknown in his day. He developed t ...
Contents - Land for Wildlife
... done this damage. Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos have torn apart the trunk of your tree to find and eat large wood-boring grubs that live there. Cockatoos search for holes in trees and bite into the hole to test the size. If the size of the hole indicates that there is a fully mature larvae (maybe 2 ...
... done this damage. Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos have torn apart the trunk of your tree to find and eat large wood-boring grubs that live there. Cockatoos search for holes in trees and bite into the hole to test the size. If the size of the hole indicates that there is a fully mature larvae (maybe 2 ...
Community disassembly by an invasive species Nathan J. Sanders*
... Our results indicate that assembly rules act to organize these ant communities. The most influential and fiercely debated assembly rule comes from Diamond’s work (29) on the distribution of bird species of the Bismarck Archipelago: ‘‘Some pairs of species never coexist, either by themselves or as pa ...
... Our results indicate that assembly rules act to organize these ant communities. The most influential and fiercely debated assembly rule comes from Diamond’s work (29) on the distribution of bird species of the Bismarck Archipelago: ‘‘Some pairs of species never coexist, either by themselves or as pa ...
Lugo et al. 2012 - Penn State University
... species differ moderately from each other and from natives in patterns of resource use and behavior (Raffaele, 1989b). Some introduced species quickly adapted to the new environments by shifting to habitats different than those used in their native range. The finches Lonchura cucullata and Estrilda ...
... species differ moderately from each other and from natives in patterns of resource use and behavior (Raffaele, 1989b). Some introduced species quickly adapted to the new environments by shifting to habitats different than those used in their native range. The finches Lonchura cucullata and Estrilda ...
Marine Ecology Progress Series 495:291
... lion, coyote) and aquatic (e.g. white shark, orca, saltwater crocodile) ecosystems. However, a complete understanding of ecosystem function requires definition of the role predatory species play in these systems and their interactions with other species. For example, is a species functioning as an a ...
... lion, coyote) and aquatic (e.g. white shark, orca, saltwater crocodile) ecosystems. However, a complete understanding of ecosystem function requires definition of the role predatory species play in these systems and their interactions with other species. For example, is a species functioning as an a ...
Species Invasions and the Relationships between Species Diversity
... 2002; Sax and Gaines 2003). Similarly, San Francisco Bay contains at least several hundred exotic invertebrates, which constitute up to 99% of the biomass at some sites (Cohen and Carlton 1998; Ruiz et al. 2000). Because the same processes that influence invasion by exotic species should also influe ...
... 2002; Sax and Gaines 2003). Similarly, San Francisco Bay contains at least several hundred exotic invertebrates, which constitute up to 99% of the biomass at some sites (Cohen and Carlton 1998; Ruiz et al. 2000). Because the same processes that influence invasion by exotic species should also influe ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.