Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine
... There is also evidence that people with schizophrenia have higher than average intakes of caffeine, although the literature is inconsistent. There are a number of case reports of high caffeine intake among in-patients with schizophrenia (Benson & David, 1986; Zaslove et al, 1991). Studies published ...
... There is also evidence that people with schizophrenia have higher than average intakes of caffeine, although the literature is inconsistent. There are a number of case reports of high caffeine intake among in-patients with schizophrenia (Benson & David, 1986; Zaslove et al, 1991). Studies published ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... With this thesis I strive to open the debate and point the reader towards a critical reconsideration of what we currently know and think about the mirror neurons. I commence my efforts by providing a thorough introduction to the neurobiological background of the primate action observation–execution ...
... With this thesis I strive to open the debate and point the reader towards a critical reconsideration of what we currently know and think about the mirror neurons. I commence my efforts by providing a thorough introduction to the neurobiological background of the primate action observation–execution ...
Regulation of Arabidopsis 14-3
... dehydrogenase (Huber, MacKintosh & Kaiser 2002; Comparot, Lingiah & Martin 2003). As well as regulating several nitrogen metabolic enzymes, 14-3-3 proteins have also been shown ...
... dehydrogenase (Huber, MacKintosh & Kaiser 2002; Comparot, Lingiah & Martin 2003). As well as regulating several nitrogen metabolic enzymes, 14-3-3 proteins have also been shown ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
Altered Patterns of Dynorphin lmmunoreactivity Suggest
... Numerous studiesin experimental animals have shown that selective neuronal lossin the hippocampuscan lead to synaptic reorganization of the remaining neurons(seeCotman and Nadler, 1978, for review), and it is possiblethat similar forms of neuronal reorganization could occur in humans. The potential ...
... Numerous studiesin experimental animals have shown that selective neuronal lossin the hippocampuscan lead to synaptic reorganization of the remaining neurons(seeCotman and Nadler, 1978, for review), and it is possiblethat similar forms of neuronal reorganization could occur in humans. The potential ...
Brain, Mood and Cognition in Hypothyroidism
... hormones are called free T3 (fT3) and free T4 (fT4), respectively. At target cells, including neurons, fT3 binds to thyroid hormone receptors in the cell membrane and thus influences gene transcription in the cell (Janssen et al., 2001). Furthermore, it can lead to an increase in glucose uptake into ...
... hormones are called free T3 (fT3) and free T4 (fT4), respectively. At target cells, including neurons, fT3 binds to thyroid hormone receptors in the cell membrane and thus influences gene transcription in the cell (Janssen et al., 2001). Furthermore, it can lead to an increase in glucose uptake into ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
Accelerating axonal growth promotes motor
... or eliminated mHsp25 immunostaining in the majority of neurons transduced (Figure 2B), indicating effective knockdown. However, the knockdown resulted in an accelerated loss of the transduced DRG neurons (Supplemental Figure 1B), in keeping with its survival function (ref. 14 and Supplemental Figure ...
... or eliminated mHsp25 immunostaining in the majority of neurons transduced (Figure 2B), indicating effective knockdown. However, the knockdown resulted in an accelerated loss of the transduced DRG neurons (Supplemental Figure 1B), in keeping with its survival function (ref. 14 and Supplemental Figure ...
Biochemical Oscillations
... (either its affinity for substrates or its rate of converting bound substrates into products). Such enzymes are called “allosteric” because in addition to substrate-binding sites, they have “other sites” for binding regulatory molecules that either activate or inhibit the enzyme. Allosteric proteins ...
... (either its affinity for substrates or its rate of converting bound substrates into products). Such enzymes are called “allosteric” because in addition to substrate-binding sites, they have “other sites” for binding regulatory molecules that either activate or inhibit the enzyme. Allosteric proteins ...
Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... that regulate spatial attention and saccade selection (Fecteau & Munoz 2006). Although SC activity may have been restricted to spatial attention associated with eye movements, other studies have shown that the SC may play a role in covert attention. In one study, animals discriminated the orientatio ...
... that regulate spatial attention and saccade selection (Fecteau & Munoz 2006). Although SC activity may have been restricted to spatial attention associated with eye movements, other studies have shown that the SC may play a role in covert attention. In one study, animals discriminated the orientatio ...
Neural Induction in Xenopus: Requirement for Ectodermal and
... The origin of the signals that induce the differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a long-standing question in vertebrate embryology. Here we show that Xenopus neural induction starts earlier than previously thought, at the blastula stage, and requires the combined activity of two dist ...
... The origin of the signals that induce the differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a long-standing question in vertebrate embryology. Here we show that Xenopus neural induction starts earlier than previously thought, at the blastula stage, and requires the combined activity of two dist ...
Plasticity-related genes in brain development and amygdala
... meaning neurons require signal transduction mechanisms to relay external developmental guidance and learning cues to the cytosol and nucleus. Classic examples of signal transduction molecules that promote both developmental and learning-related plasticity include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (B ...
... meaning neurons require signal transduction mechanisms to relay external developmental guidance and learning cues to the cytosol and nucleus. Classic examples of signal transduction molecules that promote both developmental and learning-related plasticity include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (B ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... Xenopus tadpoles at stage 37/38 (see Fig. 2 A) were anesthetized with 0.1% MS-222 (3-aminobenzoic acid ester; Sigma, Poole, UK) and then pinned in a small bath of saline including the following (in mM): 115 NaCl, 3 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 2.4 NaHCO3, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, adjusted with 5 M NaOH to pH 7.4. In man ...
... Xenopus tadpoles at stage 37/38 (see Fig. 2 A) were anesthetized with 0.1% MS-222 (3-aminobenzoic acid ester; Sigma, Poole, UK) and then pinned in a small bath of saline including the following (in mM): 115 NaCl, 3 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 2.4 NaHCO3, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, adjusted with 5 M NaOH to pH 7.4. In man ...
Management Strategies for Phantom Limb Pain by Kari Rene’ Bennett
... excitability of neurons within the spinal cord (Nikolajsen & Jensen, 2001). Random ectopic nerve firings from damaged peripheral nerves are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As a result of the increased peripheral nerve activity, excess glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter) act ...
... excitability of neurons within the spinal cord (Nikolajsen & Jensen, 2001). Random ectopic nerve firings from damaged peripheral nerves are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As a result of the increased peripheral nerve activity, excess glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter) act ...
download file
... et al., 2001; Engineer et al., 2004). Analysis of cortical synchronization was similar to that used in (Brosch and Schreiner, 1999). Cross-correlation functions were computed for each recording pair by counting the number of spike coincidences of the two clusters for various time shifts (¡50–50 ms) ...
... et al., 2001; Engineer et al., 2004). Analysis of cortical synchronization was similar to that used in (Brosch and Schreiner, 1999). Cross-correlation functions were computed for each recording pair by counting the number of spike coincidences of the two clusters for various time shifts (¡50–50 ms) ...
Unusual ultrastructural findings in dendrites of pyramidal
... street rabies virus of canine origin. The animals that showed an advanced stage of disease were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and cut on a vibratome to obtain coronal slices of 200 micrometers of thickness. Vibratome slices were subjected to the fol ...
... street rabies virus of canine origin. The animals that showed an advanced stage of disease were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and cut on a vibratome to obtain coronal slices of 200 micrometers of thickness. Vibratome slices were subjected to the fol ...
The neural encoding of self-generated and externally applied
... perception of self-‐motion. In mice the majority of these vestibular nuclei neurons are sensitive to the dynamic stimulation of neck proprioceptors (Medrea and Cullen, 2013). This finding is consist ...
... perception of self-‐motion. In mice the majority of these vestibular nuclei neurons are sensitive to the dynamic stimulation of neck proprioceptors (Medrea and Cullen, 2013). This finding is consist ...
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey
... patterns (Johnson et al., 1991). Infant monkeys reared in isolation or without exposure to faces respond to pictures of conspecifics (Sackett, 1966; Sugita, 2008), and SC lesions in infant monkeys decrease their social behaviors among conspecifics (Maior et al., 2012). Convergent animal and human ev ...
... patterns (Johnson et al., 1991). Infant monkeys reared in isolation or without exposure to faces respond to pictures of conspecifics (Sackett, 1966; Sugita, 2008), and SC lesions in infant monkeys decrease their social behaviors among conspecifics (Maior et al., 2012). Convergent animal and human ev ...
Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking
... is closely associated with the potential of an aversive outcome or punishment. Therefore, it is not surprising that some key components of this neural circuitry, e.g., the anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex, were also implicated in higher order pro ...
... is closely associated with the potential of an aversive outcome or punishment. Therefore, it is not surprising that some key components of this neural circuitry, e.g., the anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex, were also implicated in higher order pro ...
Morphine effects on monetary reward - DUO
... research, but there is now a growing body of evidence from animal and human studies supporting a key role for the µ-opioid receptor system in several aspects of reward processing. Dopamine. Dopamine is the most widely studied neurotransmitter in reward research, and has been implicated in both motiv ...
... research, but there is now a growing body of evidence from animal and human studies supporting a key role for the µ-opioid receptor system in several aspects of reward processing. Dopamine. Dopamine is the most widely studied neurotransmitter in reward research, and has been implicated in both motiv ...
Cortical representations of olfactory input by trans
... processing circuits. Neural circuits consist of local connections— where pre- and postsynaptic partners reside within the same brain area—and long-distance connections, which link different areas. Local connections can be predicted by axon and dendrite reconstructions1, and confirmed by physiologica ...
... processing circuits. Neural circuits consist of local connections— where pre- and postsynaptic partners reside within the same brain area—and long-distance connections, which link different areas. Local connections can be predicted by axon and dendrite reconstructions1, and confirmed by physiologica ...
Word - The Open University
... introduction, the problem of relating genes to behaviour is considered more fully. ...
... introduction, the problem of relating genes to behaviour is considered more fully. ...
Identified nerve cells and insect behavior
... the sense that they underlie fundamental differences in sensory capacity between females and males, and they are an important context within which future information about identified neurons and circuits must be evaluated. ...
... the sense that they underlie fundamental differences in sensory capacity between females and males, and they are an important context within which future information about identified neurons and circuits must be evaluated. ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... areas, information flow across the complex cortical circuit needs to be flexibly gated (or routed) ...
... areas, information flow across the complex cortical circuit needs to be flexibly gated (or routed) ...
Bez nadpisu
... infections ( activation of leucocytes producing active oxygen radicals) Favism is a unique phenomenon – fava beans (contain an oxidant L-dopa) ...
... infections ( activation of leucocytes producing active oxygen radicals) Favism is a unique phenomenon – fava beans (contain an oxidant L-dopa) ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.