Definitions of Biodiversity and Measures of Its Value
... biological diversity. The interest is largely motivated by findings from natural scientists that biodiversity is imperiled by human activities (e.g., Wilson 1992), especially the destruction of natural habitats (e.g., Primack 2000). Biodiversity has, however, proved both difficult to define in pract ...
... biological diversity. The interest is largely motivated by findings from natural scientists that biodiversity is imperiled by human activities (e.g., Wilson 1992), especially the destruction of natural habitats (e.g., Primack 2000). Biodiversity has, however, proved both difficult to define in pract ...
Document
... algae are indicators of a healthy environment and their absence in harsh environments, as we investigated here, could be due to the stressors such as disturbance or pollution (Orfanidis et al., 2001). In this study green algae had maximum biomass in summer and One-Way Analysis of variance showed sig ...
... algae are indicators of a healthy environment and their absence in harsh environments, as we investigated here, could be due to the stressors such as disturbance or pollution (Orfanidis et al., 2001). In this study green algae had maximum biomass in summer and One-Way Analysis of variance showed sig ...
SudingMS_final_1007_RYS
... Werner 1983) and for functional traits (Goldberg 1990), it has been applied to ecosystem Although we discuss functional classification in terms of species and the grouping of species, it also applies to groupings at other levels of organization, such as genotypes or phenotypes of individuals acclima ...
... Werner 1983) and for functional traits (Goldberg 1990), it has been applied to ecosystem Although we discuss functional classification in terms of species and the grouping of species, it also applies to groupings at other levels of organization, such as genotypes or phenotypes of individuals acclima ...
Functional Diversity of Small and Large Trees along Secondary
... Although an increasing number of studies have analyzed the recovery of species richness, and the change of structural and functional traits during secondary succession in TDF, only few have measured some of the environmental gradients involved [11–13]. In particular, soil water availability [11] and ...
... Although an increasing number of studies have analyzed the recovery of species richness, and the change of structural and functional traits during secondary succession in TDF, only few have measured some of the environmental gradients involved [11–13]. In particular, soil water availability [11] and ...
INSECTS ON PLANTS: Diversity of Herbivore Assemblages Revisited
... thus, evinced no effect on herbivore richness, although this finding may be partly due to the recent (i.e., postglacial) establishment of the British biota. They also reexamined the separate explanatory contributions of host frequency at the local (2-km units) and the regional scale and found that h ...
... thus, evinced no effect on herbivore richness, although this finding may be partly due to the recent (i.e., postglacial) establishment of the British biota. They also reexamined the separate explanatory contributions of host frequency at the local (2-km units) and the regional scale and found that h ...
species replacement during early secondary succession
... logged in late May and early June 1991 (Fig. 1), although several large trees were left standing for wildlife habitat. The site was broadcast burned on 11 September 1991 (Fig. 1) with a moderate- to high-intensity fire typical of previous slashburns on the Andrews Forest and elsewhere in the region. ...
... logged in late May and early June 1991 (Fig. 1), although several large trees were left standing for wildlife habitat. The site was broadcast burned on 11 September 1991 (Fig. 1) with a moderate- to high-intensity fire typical of previous slashburns on the Andrews Forest and elsewhere in the region. ...
Trophic complementarity drives the biodiversityecosystem
... (Thompson et al. 2012). Because several aspects of network structure (e.g. trophic niche overlap) can be related to the key concept of functional complementarity/redundancy, we argue that the results of classical BEF analysis in a single trophic level can be revisited in a trophic context. The BEF t ...
... (Thompson et al. 2012). Because several aspects of network structure (e.g. trophic niche overlap) can be related to the key concept of functional complementarity/redundancy, we argue that the results of classical BEF analysis in a single trophic level can be revisited in a trophic context. The BEF t ...
Paper-3.1-Landings-Obligation-Vision-6
... progressive elimination of discards in all EU fisheries through the introduction of an obligation to land all catches. North Sea demersal fishing fleets will soon be operating within a CFP transformed by the discard ban and other 2013 reforms. The landings obligation will be applied to the demersal ...
... progressive elimination of discards in all EU fisheries through the introduction of an obligation to land all catches. North Sea demersal fishing fleets will soon be operating within a CFP transformed by the discard ban and other 2013 reforms. The landings obligation will be applied to the demersal ...
Species resistance and community response to wind disturbance
... of tree and plant mortality in a disturbed area), return frequency and type of disturbance (Frelich 2002). In this study, we hold spatial extent (i.e. the SORTIE stand size) and disturbance type (wind) constant. The disturbance regime is characterized by variation in the frequency and severity of in ...
... of tree and plant mortality in a disturbed area), return frequency and type of disturbance (Frelich 2002). In this study, we hold spatial extent (i.e. the SORTIE stand size) and disturbance type (wind) constant. The disturbance regime is characterized by variation in the frequency and severity of in ...
Newly rare or newly common: evolutionary
... example with Drosophila melanogaster populations in laboratories, or with Musca blowflies and their Nasonia parasitoids, have confirmed these trade-offs in traits at low and high densities (Pimentel 1968; Mueller et al. 1991). Moreover, the blowfly experiments also show that evolution of resistance ...
... example with Drosophila melanogaster populations in laboratories, or with Musca blowflies and their Nasonia parasitoids, have confirmed these trade-offs in traits at low and high densities (Pimentel 1968; Mueller et al. 1991). Moreover, the blowfly experiments also show that evolution of resistance ...
Why Do Some Tropical Forests Have So Many Species of Trees?
... widespread only through an advantage over their with how this region’s climate and topography have competitors, no tree species replaces all of its com- varied in the geologic past. Second, what Eactors petitors-indeed, in most tropical forests, no spe- control local (a)diversity of trees and the tu ...
... widespread only through an advantage over their with how this region’s climate and topography have competitors, no tree species replaces all of its com- varied in the geologic past. Second, what Eactors petitors-indeed, in most tropical forests, no spe- control local (a)diversity of trees and the tu ...
TU National Piscicide Policy
... only tool available for native fish conservation in situations where other methods are impractical or where there are mixed populations of native and non-native species. In smaller ecosystems, electrofishing is the dominant physical control method. Complete removal of non-native trout has been repo ...
... only tool available for native fish conservation in situations where other methods are impractical or where there are mixed populations of native and non-native species. In smaller ecosystems, electrofishing is the dominant physical control method. Complete removal of non-native trout has been repo ...
Single-species models for many
... one to two times the maturation time7,11,12. Single-species populations can also exhibit ‘delayed-feedback cycles’ that typically have periods two to four times the maturation time12–14 (though longer periods may be possible in models with extremely large-amplitude cycles15). Models of a specialized ...
... one to two times the maturation time7,11,12. Single-species populations can also exhibit ‘delayed-feedback cycles’ that typically have periods two to four times the maturation time12–14 (though longer periods may be possible in models with extremely large-amplitude cycles15). Models of a specialized ...
Status of marine species and habitats
... surround them - particularly those associated with cold water upwelling and hydrothermally active hot spots. This great diversity of near-shore and off-shore habitats in a relatively confined area generates an astounding biological panorama. Although all habitats in Galapagos are influenced by the i ...
... surround them - particularly those associated with cold water upwelling and hydrothermally active hot spots. This great diversity of near-shore and off-shore habitats in a relatively confined area generates an astounding biological panorama. Although all habitats in Galapagos are influenced by the i ...
successional mechanism varies along a gradient in hydrothermal
... flux), as well as species’ interactions with each other. Because it is important to distinguish between these mechanisms (e.g., Callaway and Walker 1997), we monitored both hydrothermal vent fluid flux (using temperature as a proxy; Johnson et al. 1988, 1994) and the ambient faunal community through ...
... flux), as well as species’ interactions with each other. Because it is important to distinguish between these mechanisms (e.g., Callaway and Walker 1997), we monitored both hydrothermal vent fluid flux (using temperature as a proxy; Johnson et al. 1988, 1994) and the ambient faunal community through ...
Experimental Tests of the Dependence of Arthropod Diversity on Plant Diversity
... smoothed. The field was divided into 342 plots (13 m ⫻ 13 m with only the inner 11 m ⫻ 11 m sampled) separated by walkways and roadways that were kept bare. In May 1994, plots were seeded with a constant mass of seeds added to each plot (divided equally among the species). Plots were reseeded in May ...
... smoothed. The field was divided into 342 plots (13 m ⫻ 13 m with only the inner 11 m ⫻ 11 m sampled) separated by walkways and roadways that were kept bare. In May 1994, plots were seeded with a constant mass of seeds added to each plot (divided equally among the species). Plots were reseeded in May ...
Multiple effects of exotic largemouth bass
... piscivorous largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) have been introduced to a number of Japanese farm ponds that were originally characterized by a high level of biodiversity. We evaluated the effects of exotic bass on the structure of the fish assemblage following their introduction into the farm po ...
... piscivorous largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) have been introduced to a number of Japanese farm ponds that were originally characterized by a high level of biodiversity. We evaluated the effects of exotic bass on the structure of the fish assemblage following their introduction into the farm po ...
Incorporating Plant Mortality and Recruitment Into
... providing new propagules are vegetative reproduction (such as rhizomes or stolons), or sexual reproduction via seed. Bunchgrasses are generally assumed to reproduce via seed, although there is evidence that over time, some bunches can break up and migrate apart (Liston et al. 2003). For this discuss ...
... providing new propagules are vegetative reproduction (such as rhizomes or stolons), or sexual reproduction via seed. Bunchgrasses are generally assumed to reproduce via seed, although there is evidence that over time, some bunches can break up and migrate apart (Liston et al. 2003). For this discuss ...
Environmental responses, not species interactions
... populations (no demographic stochasticity) with weak interspecific interations, communitywide species synchrony should be determined by the covariance of species’ responses to the environment (Loreau and de Mazancourt 2008). However, this prediction relies on a relatively simple population model and ...
... populations (no demographic stochasticity) with weak interspecific interations, communitywide species synchrony should be determined by the covariance of species’ responses to the environment (Loreau and de Mazancourt 2008). However, this prediction relies on a relatively simple population model and ...
Untitled - Bio
... This, in turn, has allowed us to engineer a certain amount of ‘niche differentiation’. With the first years covered by Essentials, we have been freer to attempt to make this fourth edition an upto-date guide to ecology now (or, at least, when it was written). To this end, the results from around 800 ...
... This, in turn, has allowed us to engineer a certain amount of ‘niche differentiation’. With the first years covered by Essentials, we have been freer to attempt to make this fourth edition an upto-date guide to ecology now (or, at least, when it was written). To this end, the results from around 800 ...
Evidence for ecological speciation and its alternative
... populations is to eliminate the possibility that each intermediate environments. On the other hand, ecotype has originated just once and has spread to active selection favors the evolution of ever-greater multiple locales. This is difficult because gene differences between populations, which may flo ...
... populations is to eliminate the possibility that each intermediate environments. On the other hand, ecotype has originated just once and has spread to active selection favors the evolution of ever-greater multiple locales. This is difficult because gene differences between populations, which may flo ...
Assessing the risk to indigenous New Zealand biota from new exotic
... particularly noxious and had not naturalised. Whether other naturalised species in New Zealand appear on controlled lists is an important consideration. Climate match in a broad sense was also taken into account, bearing in mind that a number of subtropical or even tropical species (especially climb ...
... particularly noxious and had not naturalised. Whether other naturalised species in New Zealand appear on controlled lists is an important consideration. Climate match in a broad sense was also taken into account, bearing in mind that a number of subtropical or even tropical species (especially climb ...
Evidence for Ecological Speciation and Its Alternative
... theory that speciation is...under the rigid control of the environment” (12). However, this case is only referring to the origin of morphological species. The turning point for speciation studies came with the modern concept of speciation “Species separation is defined as a stage of the evolutionary ...
... theory that speciation is...under the rigid control of the environment” (12). However, this case is only referring to the origin of morphological species. The turning point for speciation studies came with the modern concept of speciation “Species separation is defined as a stage of the evolutionary ...
Interactions among invaders: community and ecosystem effects of
... to deal with zero values prior to log-transformation can alter this underlying biological relationship, this change is proportionately small (for our data) and unlikely to affect the results. The effects of each invader on periphyton chlorophyll a levels (sediment and mesocosm walls), the N:P ratio ...
... to deal with zero values prior to log-transformation can alter this underlying biological relationship, this change is proportionately small (for our data) and unlikely to affect the results. The effects of each invader on periphyton chlorophyll a levels (sediment and mesocosm walls), the N:P ratio ...
Bifrenaria
Bifrenaria, abbreviated Bif. in horticultural trade, is a genus of plant in family Orchidaceae. It contains 20 species found in Panama, Trinidad and South America. There are no known uses for them, but their abundant, and at first glance artificial, flowers, make them favorites of orchid growers.The genus can be split in two clearly distinct groups: one of highly robust plants with large flowers, that encompass the first species to be classified under the genus Bifrenaria; other of more delicate plants with smaller flowers occasionally classified as Stenocoryne or Adipe. There are two additional species that are normally classified as Bifrenaria, but which molecular analysis indicate to belong to different orchid groups entirely. One is Bifrenaria grandis which is endemic to Bolívia and which is now placed in Lacaena, and Bifrenaria steyermarkii, an inhabitant of the northern Amazon Forest, which does not have an alternative classification.