Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... obex, only a few large NOS-positive neurons were found medial to the nucleus tractus solitarius (Fig. 1H). Most medium-sized NOS-positive neurons had spindleshaped or ovoid perikarya with two prominent dendrites emanating from the long ends of the cell body (Fig. 2A-D, G and H). Those NOS-positive n ...
... obex, only a few large NOS-positive neurons were found medial to the nucleus tractus solitarius (Fig. 1H). Most medium-sized NOS-positive neurons had spindleshaped or ovoid perikarya with two prominent dendrites emanating from the long ends of the cell body (Fig. 2A-D, G and H). Those NOS-positive n ...
Retinoids and spinal cord development
... the tail bud, suggesting a role for this posteriorizing factor in combination with FGF. It was striking in these experiments that no Hoxc5-expressing cells (cervical level) were induced by FGF. When tissue fated to form rostral cervical level was cultured with cervical paraxial mesoderm and retinol ...
... the tail bud, suggesting a role for this posteriorizing factor in combination with FGF. It was striking in these experiments that no Hoxc5-expressing cells (cervical level) were induced by FGF. When tissue fated to form rostral cervical level was cultured with cervical paraxial mesoderm and retinol ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... pCMS-GFP-Kal-GEF1. The Kal-GEF1 vector used previously (May et al., 2002) was cut with NcoI, blunted with Klenow, cut with NotI, and inserted into pCMS cut with EcoRI, blunted, and cut with NotI. This yields a His6-myc-Kal-GEF1 construct under the control of the CMV promoter (May et al., 2002). pCMS ...
... pCMS-GFP-Kal-GEF1. The Kal-GEF1 vector used previously (May et al., 2002) was cut with NcoI, blunted with Klenow, cut with NotI, and inserted into pCMS cut with EcoRI, blunted, and cut with NotI. This yields a His6-myc-Kal-GEF1 construct under the control of the CMV promoter (May et al., 2002). pCMS ...
Basal Ganglia Outputs Map Instantaneous Position Coordinates
... neural datasets were aligned with an LED flash at the start of each session, structure formed of 1-cm-diameter aluminum rod. Mice were first exwhich generated a video time-marker in synchrony with a transistorposed to the elevated platform for at least 1 h before the start of the transistor logic pu ...
... neural datasets were aligned with an LED flash at the start of each session, structure formed of 1-cm-diameter aluminum rod. Mice were first exwhich generated a video time-marker in synchrony with a transistorposed to the elevated platform for at least 1 h before the start of the transistor logic pu ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... Animals and surgery. The subjects of these experiments were 24 female Fischer 344 (2-l 5 month) and 42 female Sprague-Dawley (3-10 month) rats. Surgery was performed under deep anesthesia induced by a mixture (4 ml/kg) of ketamine (25 mg/ml), rompun (1.3 mg/ml), and acepromazine (0.25 m&ml). The rat ...
... Animals and surgery. The subjects of these experiments were 24 female Fischer 344 (2-l 5 month) and 42 female Sprague-Dawley (3-10 month) rats. Surgery was performed under deep anesthesia induced by a mixture (4 ml/kg) of ketamine (25 mg/ml), rompun (1.3 mg/ml), and acepromazine (0.25 m&ml). The rat ...
The resting membrane potential - Lectures For UG-5
... dendrites or cell body is summed spatially and temporally, and if the summed response is large enough to pass the threshold by the time it reaches axon hillock, an action potential will be generated at axon hillock. • The axon hillock has the lowest threshold in the neuron because this region has a ...
... dendrites or cell body is summed spatially and temporally, and if the summed response is large enough to pass the threshold by the time it reaches axon hillock, an action potential will be generated at axon hillock. • The axon hillock has the lowest threshold in the neuron because this region has a ...
The Origins of Two-State Spontaneous Membrane Potential
... measurements were corrected for tip potential using the extracellular potential recorded immediately after withdrawal from the cell, which sometimes was as much as 3 hr after the spontaneous activity measurements were made. When, as occasionally occurred, there was no measurable tip potential just b ...
... measurements were corrected for tip potential using the extracellular potential recorded immediately after withdrawal from the cell, which sometimes was as much as 3 hr after the spontaneous activity measurements were made. When, as occasionally occurred, there was no measurable tip potential just b ...
Location and connectivity determine GABAergic interneuron survival in the brains... South Hampshire sheep with CLN6 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
... severely reduced in them, but the underlying mutation has yet to be determined. It is probably a novel non-coding mutation in a regulatory region, which may have human analogs (Tammen et al., 2006). To gain insights into the pathogenic mechanisms we have been studying progressive pathological change ...
... severely reduced in them, but the underlying mutation has yet to be determined. It is probably a novel non-coding mutation in a regulatory region, which may have human analogs (Tammen et al., 2006). To gain insights into the pathogenic mechanisms we have been studying progressive pathological change ...
Full version (PDF file)
... examined in olfactory system. For example, via 5-HT1A receptors, 5-HT was reported to inhibit the neuronal excitability of the entorhinal cortex in the superficial layers by activating the TWIK-1 type of the two-pore domain K+ channels (Deng et al. 2007). It also has been demonstrated that 5-HT caus ...
... examined in olfactory system. For example, via 5-HT1A receptors, 5-HT was reported to inhibit the neuronal excitability of the entorhinal cortex in the superficial layers by activating the TWIK-1 type of the two-pore domain K+ channels (Deng et al. 2007). It also has been demonstrated that 5-HT caus ...
CHAPtER 4 Electrolysis
... Aluminium is obtained by the process of electrolysis. This uses electricity to bring about nonspontaneous redox reactions. The development of electrolysis on a large scale was not possible until large supplies of cheap electricity became ...
... Aluminium is obtained by the process of electrolysis. This uses electricity to bring about nonspontaneous redox reactions. The development of electrolysis on a large scale was not possible until large supplies of cheap electricity became ...
Morphological Changes in the Hippocampus Following Nicotine and
... administration leads to neuronal degeneration, characterized among others by cell loss, when kainic acid is administered once or repeatedly (Riljak et al. 2005). The cell loss is not specific for kainic acid administration only but also for other neurotoxic insults (e.g. alcohol) (Milotová et al. 20 ...
... administration leads to neuronal degeneration, characterized among others by cell loss, when kainic acid is administered once or repeatedly (Riljak et al. 2005). The cell loss is not specific for kainic acid administration only but also for other neurotoxic insults (e.g. alcohol) (Milotová et al. 20 ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... experienced by a n animal in a normal behavioural situation. The relationship between stochastic and stimulus-induced response components may greatly depend upon the temporal resolution with which the neuronal responses are taken into account. For instance, if responses are smoothed by temporal inte ...
... experienced by a n animal in a normal behavioural situation. The relationship between stochastic and stimulus-induced response components may greatly depend upon the temporal resolution with which the neuronal responses are taken into account. For instance, if responses are smoothed by temporal inte ...
Neural Control of Interappendage Phase During Locomotion
... the normal motor output. In certain cases it has been possible to transect the nerve cord and observe that there is normal rhythmic movement both above and below the transection (Wilson, 1961; Kristan, personal communication). There is no phase relationship observed between movements above the cut a ...
... the normal motor output. In certain cases it has been possible to transect the nerve cord and observe that there is normal rhythmic movement both above and below the transection (Wilson, 1961; Kristan, personal communication). There is no phase relationship observed between movements above the cut a ...
Millisecond Timescale Synchrony among Hippocampal Neurons
... JBSI corresponds to a larger peak in the 0 ms bin relative to baseline firing. For some analyses, spikes from the reference neuron were further segregated into subsets according to criteria, such as ␥ phase, network state, or the animal’s position, to determine how pairwise CCGs depend on these resp ...
... JBSI corresponds to a larger peak in the 0 ms bin relative to baseline firing. For some analyses, spikes from the reference neuron were further segregated into subsets according to criteria, such as ␥ phase, network state, or the animal’s position, to determine how pairwise CCGs depend on these resp ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... shown that their responses contain characteristic nonlinearities. Spekreijse (1969) found that some ganglion cells of the goldfish retina exhibit half-wave rectified responses. The rectified responses have been noted in cat ganglion cells (Hochstein and Shapley, 1976; Victor, 1988), and catfish amac ...
... shown that their responses contain characteristic nonlinearities. Spekreijse (1969) found that some ganglion cells of the goldfish retina exhibit half-wave rectified responses. The rectified responses have been noted in cat ganglion cells (Hochstein and Shapley, 1976; Victor, 1988), and catfish amac ...
Correlation between auditory threshold and the auditory brainstem
... increasing click rate may be attributed to a cumulative decrease in the efficacy of synaptic transmission at high stimulus rates, resulting in prolonged synaptic delays along the brainstem auditory pathway [43]. Amplitude reduction in the ABR reflects neuronal impairment and/or death in the brainste ...
... increasing click rate may be attributed to a cumulative decrease in the efficacy of synaptic transmission at high stimulus rates, resulting in prolonged synaptic delays along the brainstem auditory pathway [43]. Amplitude reduction in the ABR reflects neuronal impairment and/or death in the brainste ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... neurons in the population to large, medium, and small rewards. Responses are averaged over a 1 s epoch beginning at the time of reward offset (t = 0). Bars indicate one standard error. (C) Histogram of reward modulation indices. Index was defined as the response difference to large and small rewards ...
... neurons in the population to large, medium, and small rewards. Responses are averaged over a 1 s epoch beginning at the time of reward offset (t = 0). Bars indicate one standard error. (C) Histogram of reward modulation indices. Index was defined as the response difference to large and small rewards ...
Developments in understanding neuronal spike trains and functional
... interest due to potential improvements to surgical techniques involving ablation or placement of deep brain stimulators, done in the treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease. Important to these procedures is the identification of different brain structures such as the globus pallidus internus from ...
... interest due to potential improvements to surgical techniques involving ablation or placement of deep brain stimulators, done in the treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease. Important to these procedures is the identification of different brain structures such as the globus pallidus internus from ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... types of proteins and organelles and thus differ in both function and morphology (FIGURE 1). Dendrites are relatively short and thick, and in most excitatory neurons, they possess dendritic spines. Functionally, dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors ...
... types of proteins and organelles and thus differ in both function and morphology (FIGURE 1). Dendrites are relatively short and thick, and in most excitatory neurons, they possess dendritic spines. Functionally, dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors ...
Computational themes of peripheral processing
... an intensity-invariant representation of the amplitude modulation of the perceived signal and to increase the signalto-noise ratio. Next, the representation of the amplitude modulation of a signal by the auditory receptor neurons (Machens et al. 2001) needs to be processed in a way that higher level ...
... an intensity-invariant representation of the amplitude modulation of the perceived signal and to increase the signalto-noise ratio. Next, the representation of the amplitude modulation of a signal by the auditory receptor neurons (Machens et al. 2001) needs to be processed in a way that higher level ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 40.1 Periodic activation in sleep cycles
... flip-flop switch whereby the alternate states of sleep and waking are self-reinforcing but intermediate states are unstable and transient. This results in rapid transitions from waking to sleep and vice versa. Orexin serves to stabilize the waking state and prevent inappropriate transitions to sleep ...
... flip-flop switch whereby the alternate states of sleep and waking are self-reinforcing but intermediate states are unstable and transient. This results in rapid transitions from waking to sleep and vice versa. Orexin serves to stabilize the waking state and prevent inappropriate transitions to sleep ...
Developmental Changes Revealed by Immunohistochemical
... intermediate zone increases in prominence. A dense layer of axon fascicles coursing superficial to the ventricular zone becomes distinct from the overlying subplate; this represents the radiations portion of the intermediate zone (Fig. IE). At 20-30 weeks (Figs ID and 2B) the GAP-43 immunoreactive f ...
... intermediate zone increases in prominence. A dense layer of axon fascicles coursing superficial to the ventricular zone becomes distinct from the overlying subplate; this represents the radiations portion of the intermediate zone (Fig. IE). At 20-30 weeks (Figs ID and 2B) the GAP-43 immunoreactive f ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... Ion trafficking across biological membranes is mediated by channels and transporters, and these two types of molecules form the basis of electrical signaling in the nervous system. However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been ...
... Ion trafficking across biological membranes is mediated by channels and transporters, and these two types of molecules form the basis of electrical signaling in the nervous system. However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been ...