Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. ...
... cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. ...
Challenges for Brain Emulation
... calls or inter-process calls. In the case of neuromorphic analog circuits, direct wiring between artificial neurons has been used locally. However, since neurons contain many distinct synapses with differing effects on neural behavior, there is high connectivity fanin for off-chip signals. As a res ...
... calls or inter-process calls. In the case of neuromorphic analog circuits, direct wiring between artificial neurons has been used locally. However, since neurons contain many distinct synapses with differing effects on neural behavior, there is high connectivity fanin for off-chip signals. As a res ...
Reconstruction of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the adult
... Structure and placement of intranigral grafts At killing (6 and 16 weeks after transplantation) the grafts appeared as well-demarcated round or oval cell clusters located within, or immediately adjacent to, the SN, identifiable by their content of GFP+ neurons (Figs 1a, 2g and 3a). In the animals not ...
... Structure and placement of intranigral grafts At killing (6 and 16 weeks after transplantation) the grafts appeared as well-demarcated round or oval cell clusters located within, or immediately adjacent to, the SN, identifiable by their content of GFP+ neurons (Figs 1a, 2g and 3a). In the animals not ...
ChennWalshCeCortexJu..
... Embr yonic transgenic mice expressing a stabilized form of β-catenin in neuronal progenitor cells developed grossly enlarged brains with greatly increased cerebral cortical surface area so extensive that the normally smooth cerebral cortex of the mouse formed convoluted folds resembling the gyri and ...
... Embr yonic transgenic mice expressing a stabilized form of β-catenin in neuronal progenitor cells developed grossly enlarged brains with greatly increased cerebral cortical surface area so extensive that the normally smooth cerebral cortex of the mouse formed convoluted folds resembling the gyri and ...
The hippocampal–striatal axis in learning, prediction and
... Figure 2. Behavioral tasks that depend on the hippocampus (HPC), amygdala and ventral striatum (VS). (a) Aversive cue and context conditioning. In this task, the rat learns that a discrete cue [conditioned stimulus (CS), e.g. tone] and a context in which the training takes place, predict the occurre ...
... Figure 2. Behavioral tasks that depend on the hippocampus (HPC), amygdala and ventral striatum (VS). (a) Aversive cue and context conditioning. In this task, the rat learns that a discrete cue [conditioned stimulus (CS), e.g. tone] and a context in which the training takes place, predict the occurre ...
The Relationship Between Synchronization Among Neuronal
... This article is about the relationship between fast dynamic interactions among neuronal populations and measures of neuronal activity that are integrated over time (e.g., functional neuroimaging). In particular, we address the question, “Can anything be inferred about fast coherent or phasic interac ...
... This article is about the relationship between fast dynamic interactions among neuronal populations and measures of neuronal activity that are integrated over time (e.g., functional neuroimaging). In particular, we address the question, “Can anything be inferred about fast coherent or phasic interac ...
An Intrinsic Oscillation in Interneurons of the Rat Lateral Geniculate
... low-threshold calcium conductance, It, and the hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance, Ih, is crucial for this oscillation (Destexhe et al. 1993; Leresche et al. 1991; McCormick and Huguenard 1992; McCormick and Pape 1990; Soltesz et al. 1991). The intrinsic oscillation in thalamocortical ce ...
... low-threshold calcium conductance, It, and the hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance, Ih, is crucial for this oscillation (Destexhe et al. 1993; Leresche et al. 1991; McCormick and Huguenard 1992; McCormick and Pape 1990; Soltesz et al. 1991). The intrinsic oscillation in thalamocortical ce ...
Tolerance to Sound Intensity of Binaural
... Western Medical Supply). An adequate level of anesthesia was maintained with supplemental injections of ketamine when necessary. Body temperature was maintained with a heating pad. The skull was immobilized by placing the owl in a stereotaxic head holder such that the palatine ridge (the roof of the ...
... Western Medical Supply). An adequate level of anesthesia was maintained with supplemental injections of ketamine when necessary. Body temperature was maintained with a heating pad. The skull was immobilized by placing the owl in a stereotaxic head holder such that the palatine ridge (the roof of the ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... week, cultures exhibited high numbers of nonneuronal cells, including Schwann cells, satellite cells, and fibroblasts (Fig. 1A and B). High glucose concentration had no effect on survival of neurons at any time and did not affect axon outgrowth on day 1 (Fig. 1C and insert). Surviving dorsal root ga ...
... week, cultures exhibited high numbers of nonneuronal cells, including Schwann cells, satellite cells, and fibroblasts (Fig. 1A and B). High glucose concentration had no effect on survival of neurons at any time and did not affect axon outgrowth on day 1 (Fig. 1C and insert). Surviving dorsal root ga ...
Proceedings of 2013 BMI the Second International Conference on
... unable to move. Conventional assistive devices for people with severe motor disabilities are inherently limited, often relying on residual motor function for their use. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to provide a more powerful signal source by tapping into the rich information content that is ...
... unable to move. Conventional assistive devices for people with severe motor disabilities are inherently limited, often relying on residual motor function for their use. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to provide a more powerful signal source by tapping into the rich information content that is ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
Dorsal Column Nuclei Neurons Recorded in a Brain Stem–Spinal
... preparation: characteristics and their responses to dorsal root stimulation. J Neurophysiol 84: 1361–1368, 2000. Recordings were obtained from dorsal column nucleus (DCN) neurons in a neonatal rat brain stem—spinal cord preparation to study their basic electrophysiological properties and responses t ...
... preparation: characteristics and their responses to dorsal root stimulation. J Neurophysiol 84: 1361–1368, 2000. Recordings were obtained from dorsal column nucleus (DCN) neurons in a neonatal rat brain stem—spinal cord preparation to study their basic electrophysiological properties and responses t ...
hormonal control of cell form and number
... hatching and measured approximately 1.5 cm in length from beak to rump. By 15 days of age, their weight increased over lo-fold. The growth of chicks between hatching and 7 days of age was determined, and this was used to estimate the dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by th ...
... hatching and measured approximately 1.5 cm in length from beak to rump. By 15 days of age, their weight increased over lo-fold. The growth of chicks between hatching and 7 days of age was determined, and this was used to estimate the dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by th ...
Action Potential - Angelo State University
... a) These changes cause local flow of current that decrease with distance traveled. b) Graded potentials are called "graded" because their magnitude varies directly with the intensity of the stimulus. The more intense the stimulus, the more the voltage changes & the farther the current flows. c) Howe ...
... a) These changes cause local flow of current that decrease with distance traveled. b) Graded potentials are called "graded" because their magnitude varies directly with the intensity of the stimulus. The more intense the stimulus, the more the voltage changes & the farther the current flows. c) Howe ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
... parvocellular neurons generally exhibited a lower membrane capacitance, lower mIPSC frequency, and smaller mIPSC amplitude. Following adrenalectomy, the mIPSC frequency was significantly enhanced in parvo- but not magnocellular neurons. Other properties of the cells were not affected. In a second se ...
... parvocellular neurons generally exhibited a lower membrane capacitance, lower mIPSC frequency, and smaller mIPSC amplitude. Following adrenalectomy, the mIPSC frequency was significantly enhanced in parvo- but not magnocellular neurons. Other properties of the cells were not affected. In a second se ...
Notch resolves mixed neural identities in the
... In vertebrates, the Notch pathway plays a clear role in the selection of a neural progenitor from a pool of competent cells through the regulation of proneural genes (Lewis, 1996). By controlling this process, Notch signaling affects the timing of cell birth and differentiation. A correlation has be ...
... In vertebrates, the Notch pathway plays a clear role in the selection of a neural progenitor from a pool of competent cells through the regulation of proneural genes (Lewis, 1996). By controlling this process, Notch signaling affects the timing of cell birth and differentiation. A correlation has be ...
in cellular neuroscience
... complexity of the nervous elements and through their specialization into electrically excitable neurons connected through defined synaptic contacts and electrically non-excitable neuroglia forming networks through intercellular gap junctions. The intercellular chemical neurotransmission is, however, ...
... complexity of the nervous elements and through their specialization into electrically excitable neurons connected through defined synaptic contacts and electrically non-excitable neuroglia forming networks through intercellular gap junctions. The intercellular chemical neurotransmission is, however, ...
Studies of the Role of the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation
... It is surprising that issues about the on-direction of cells in PPRF are still unresolved 30 years after chronic unit recording methods allowed the first descriptions of pontine cells with saccade-related and eye-position–related activity.9–12 However, untrained subjects were used in early experimen ...
... It is surprising that issues about the on-direction of cells in PPRF are still unresolved 30 years after chronic unit recording methods allowed the first descriptions of pontine cells with saccade-related and eye-position–related activity.9–12 However, untrained subjects were used in early experimen ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... The fluorescence was detected with a PV-100 (EG&G) photodiode mounted on the camera adapter (Olympus VANOX) or TV-tine adapter (Zeiss IM-35). An opaque mask with a small centrally located pinhole was inserted in the camera reticle carrier to limit detected fluorescence to a 50-rm-diameter spot in th ...
... The fluorescence was detected with a PV-100 (EG&G) photodiode mounted on the camera adapter (Olympus VANOX) or TV-tine adapter (Zeiss IM-35). An opaque mask with a small centrally located pinhole was inserted in the camera reticle carrier to limit detected fluorescence to a 50-rm-diameter spot in th ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... preference. This serves to amplify responses to effective stimuli without altering tuning. Feed-forward inhibition can also account for the temporal frequency tuning of cortical cells [19•], which cuts off at lower frequencies than LGN tuning. Furthermore, it ...
... preference. This serves to amplify responses to effective stimuli without altering tuning. Feed-forward inhibition can also account for the temporal frequency tuning of cortical cells [19•], which cuts off at lower frequencies than LGN tuning. Furthermore, it ...
Neural Coding and Auditory Perception
... of reverberation across the population of low-frequency neurons. Neurons in the IC also display a wide variety of temporal response patterns to tones and noise. Notably, many neurons fire more action potentials in the earlier portions of the stimulus than in later portions, a feature termed spike ra ...
... of reverberation across the population of low-frequency neurons. Neurons in the IC also display a wide variety of temporal response patterns to tones and noise. Notably, many neurons fire more action potentials in the earlier portions of the stimulus than in later portions, a feature termed spike ra ...
Membrane Properties Underlying the Firing of Neurons in the Avian
... Neurons of the avian nucleus magnocellularis (NM) relay auditory information from the Vlllth nerve to other parts of the auditory system. To examine the cellular properties that permit NM neurons to transmit reliably the temporal characteristics of the acoustic stimulus, we performed wholecell recor ...
... Neurons of the avian nucleus magnocellularis (NM) relay auditory information from the Vlllth nerve to other parts of the auditory system. To examine the cellular properties that permit NM neurons to transmit reliably the temporal characteristics of the acoustic stimulus, we performed wholecell recor ...
Volume and Number of Neurons of the Human
... the subiculum and the fascia dentata. Compared with controls, both losses represented 23% of neurons (P , 0.05). These results 1) confirm that AD is a qualitatively different process from normal aging and 2) reveal the regional selectivity of neuron loss within the hippocampal formation in aging and ...
... the subiculum and the fascia dentata. Compared with controls, both losses represented 23% of neurons (P , 0.05). These results 1) confirm that AD is a qualitatively different process from normal aging and 2) reveal the regional selectivity of neuron loss within the hippocampal formation in aging and ...
Visual Motion-Detection Circuits in Flies: Small
... Key words: insect vision; evolution; elementary motion detection; Golgi method; neuroanatomy; Diptera ...
... Key words: insect vision; evolution; elementary motion detection; Golgi method; neuroanatomy; Diptera ...