Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... established and their regulation pathways and biological effects have been intensively studied (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, although the basic regulatory principles of the melanocortin pathway have been recognized over the last years, the complexity of the system still yields unexpected results. Thus, in ...
... established and their regulation pathways and biological effects have been intensively studied (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, although the basic regulatory principles of the melanocortin pathway have been recognized over the last years, the complexity of the system still yields unexpected results. Thus, in ...
The Number of Cortical Neurons Used to See
... participants were aged 16 to 17 years old. They and their parents gave informed written consent, as approved by the New York University review board. They all had 20/20 vision or altered to 20/20 vision and were fluent in English. What to do for each task was explained to each participant: 1) choose ...
... participants were aged 16 to 17 years old. They and their parents gave informed written consent, as approved by the New York University review board. They all had 20/20 vision or altered to 20/20 vision and were fluent in English. What to do for each task was explained to each participant: 1) choose ...
Long-term channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression
... Optogenetics tools including channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) provide a powerful approach to assay and manipulate neural circuit function, and promise new therapeutic interventions for neurological disease (Zhang et al., 2007; Bernstein and Boyden, 2011; Fenno et al., 2011). A critical prerequisite of opto ...
... Optogenetics tools including channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) provide a powerful approach to assay and manipulate neural circuit function, and promise new therapeutic interventions for neurological disease (Zhang et al., 2007; Bernstein and Boyden, 2011; Fenno et al., 2011). A critical prerequisite of opto ...
General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal
... mice, to test the importance of the receptor to the in vivo anaesthetic phenotype18–20. Because anaesthetic binding potentiates the actions of GABA, any anaesthetic-binding site must also be closely coupled to receptor gating. Consequently, it is difficult to identify anaesthetic-binding sites by st ...
... mice, to test the importance of the receptor to the in vivo anaesthetic phenotype18–20. Because anaesthetic binding potentiates the actions of GABA, any anaesthetic-binding site must also be closely coupled to receptor gating. Consequently, it is difficult to identify anaesthetic-binding sites by st ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Electrophysiolog y. All experimental procedures were in accordance with the C anadian Council on Animal C are policy on the use and care of laboratory animals and approved by the Queen’s University Animal C are Committee. Surgical, electrophysiological, and data acquisition methods were described pr ...
... Electrophysiolog y. All experimental procedures were in accordance with the C anadian Council on Animal C are policy on the use and care of laboratory animals and approved by the Queen’s University Animal C are Committee. Surgical, electrophysiological, and data acquisition methods were described pr ...
Lecture 6: Single neuron models
... McCulloch and Pitts knew that spikes (action potential) somehow carry information through the brain: each spike would represent a binary 1 each lack of spike would represent a binary 0 They showed how spikes could be combined to do logical and arithmetical operations From modern perspective there is ...
... McCulloch and Pitts knew that spikes (action potential) somehow carry information through the brain: each spike would represent a binary 1 each lack of spike would represent a binary 0 They showed how spikes could be combined to do logical and arithmetical operations From modern perspective there is ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... The ratio of LOC to MOC neurons is also variable among species. In the extreme, a bat species similar to the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, lacks MOC neurons; in contrast, guinea pigs have approximately equal numbers of LOC and MOC neurons (Aschoff and Ostwald 1987). In cats and mice, the percent ...
... The ratio of LOC to MOC neurons is also variable among species. In the extreme, a bat species similar to the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, lacks MOC neurons; in contrast, guinea pigs have approximately equal numbers of LOC and MOC neurons (Aschoff and Ostwald 1987). In cats and mice, the percent ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... This result is expressed in graphic form in the diagram at the bottom of Fig. 3. The fiber marked f belongs to the posterior longitudinal bundle and is supposed to reach a motoneuron eventually engaged in the response to the F shocks. i.l., i.2., i.3., and i.4. are those few internuncial pathways wh ...
... This result is expressed in graphic form in the diagram at the bottom of Fig. 3. The fiber marked f belongs to the posterior longitudinal bundle and is supposed to reach a motoneuron eventually engaged in the response to the F shocks. i.l., i.2., i.3., and i.4. are those few internuncial pathways wh ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
Effect of sodium fluoride on the grey matter of spinal cord in the
... standard laboratory chow and water ad libitum. The procedure was approved by the ethics committee on animal experiment of the Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University in accordance with the international regulations on care and use of laboratory animals. The animals were randomly divided into three ...
... standard laboratory chow and water ad libitum. The procedure was approved by the ethics committee on animal experiment of the Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University in accordance with the international regulations on care and use of laboratory animals. The animals were randomly divided into three ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... conveyed by CFs to the molecular layer (Fig. 32.4), PCs learn to detect specific patterns in their state vectors. This allows the PCs to classify the many patterns of state that occur at different times and under different contexts. This specialized neuronal architecture functions as a remarkable le ...
... conveyed by CFs to the molecular layer (Fig. 32.4), PCs learn to detect specific patterns in their state vectors. This allows the PCs to classify the many patterns of state that occur at different times and under different contexts. This specialized neuronal architecture functions as a remarkable le ...
A STUDY OF PRO- AND ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE FACTORS IN A MODEL... ASSOCIATED VISCERAL PAIN by Jessica Rose Benson
... SP immunoreactivity was not increased following colitis, suggesting that changes seen in the thoracic level were specific to signaling from colonic DRG neurons. Immunoreactivity for the SP NK1 receptor on second order neurons was also examined and a significant increase in immunoreactivity was obser ...
... SP immunoreactivity was not increased following colitis, suggesting that changes seen in the thoracic level were specific to signaling from colonic DRG neurons. Immunoreactivity for the SP NK1 receptor on second order neurons was also examined and a significant increase in immunoreactivity was obser ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
... THE ANTEROVENTRAL PERIVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (AVPV) Because gonadotropin secretion is perhaps the most significant sex difference in reproductive physiology, some of the earliest studies of sexual differentiation focused on the impact of sex steroid hormones on the phasic secretion of luteinizing hormo ...
... THE ANTEROVENTRAL PERIVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (AVPV) Because gonadotropin secretion is perhaps the most significant sex difference in reproductive physiology, some of the earliest studies of sexual differentiation focused on the impact of sex steroid hormones on the phasic secretion of luteinizing hormo ...
Temporal Sequence Detection with Spiking Neurons: Towards
... Furthermore, there is a variety of dynamic processes in the axonal terminal, including paired-pulse facilitation or depression, augmentation, post-tetanus potentiation, etc. The real neurons use these short term dynamics as an additional powerful mechanism for temporal processing. Several studies ha ...
... Furthermore, there is a variety of dynamic processes in the axonal terminal, including paired-pulse facilitation or depression, augmentation, post-tetanus potentiation, etc. The real neurons use these short term dynamics as an additional powerful mechanism for temporal processing. Several studies ha ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... We recently found (Usunoff et al., 2006) that the Pbg, an established subcortical visual structure, also projects to a key structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives ...
... We recently found (Usunoff et al., 2006) that the Pbg, an established subcortical visual structure, also projects to a key structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the population that were positive for ChAT. In other words, classical targets of the PPN ...
... neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the population that were positive for ChAT. In other words, classical targets of the PPN ...
Neuronal control of swimming in jellyfish: a
... great a difference between the nervous system of the nakedeyed and covered-eyed Medusae, that simultaneous description of the nervous systems in both groups is not…practical”. This statement was made during his discussion of the histological results obtained by Hertwig and Hertwig (1878); however, R ...
... great a difference between the nervous system of the nakedeyed and covered-eyed Medusae, that simultaneous description of the nervous systems in both groups is not…practical”. This statement was made during his discussion of the histological results obtained by Hertwig and Hertwig (1878); however, R ...
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and the cognitive map
... In further simulations, theta-coded neural dynamics are dictated by a phenomenological phase precession model (O’Keefe and Recce, 1993; O’Keefe, 2007; Huxter et al., 2008). A variable θ, which oscillates sinsuoidally in the range (0:1) at a rate of 8 Hz, is used to represent theoretical theta freque ...
... In further simulations, theta-coded neural dynamics are dictated by a phenomenological phase precession model (O’Keefe and Recce, 1993; O’Keefe, 2007; Huxter et al., 2008). A variable θ, which oscillates sinsuoidally in the range (0:1) at a rate of 8 Hz, is used to represent theoretical theta freque ...
Spatiotemporal Properties of Eye Position Signals
... time integral of eye movement (velocity) signals (Robinson 1981; Fukushima and others 1992). Because neurons in the central thalamus receive inputs from brainstem nuclei consisting of the neural integrator including the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (Kotchabhakdi and others 1980), the interstitial n ...
... time integral of eye movement (velocity) signals (Robinson 1981; Fukushima and others 1992). Because neurons in the central thalamus receive inputs from brainstem nuclei consisting of the neural integrator including the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (Kotchabhakdi and others 1980), the interstitial n ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... are unmistakable as rate increases and consistent across frequency. They usually do not provide evidence for a BF at higher frequencies in that they are not tuned. For that reason, the BF of class B neurons was placed at the high-frequency edge of the low-threshold portion of the response map. As wi ...
... are unmistakable as rate increases and consistent across frequency. They usually do not provide evidence for a BF at higher frequencies in that they are not tuned. For that reason, the BF of class B neurons was placed at the high-frequency edge of the low-threshold portion of the response map. As wi ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... are task-irrelevant facilitate similar responses but interfere with dissimilar responses. In this study participants were asked to open and close their hands in response to a color stimulus (the ’task-relevant’ stimulus) whilst watching a video of an opening or closing hand (the ’task-irrelevant’ st ...
... are task-irrelevant facilitate similar responses but interfere with dissimilar responses. In this study participants were asked to open and close their hands in response to a color stimulus (the ’task-relevant’ stimulus) whilst watching a video of an opening or closing hand (the ’task-irrelevant’ st ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... The silencing hypothesis is based on extracellular recordings during very short periods of HFS (Table 2). One potential problem with studies relying on extracellular recordings is that large stimulus artifacts (of w2 ms duration), in particular when the stimulation is close to the recording site, pr ...
... The silencing hypothesis is based on extracellular recordings during very short periods of HFS (Table 2). One potential problem with studies relying on extracellular recordings is that large stimulus artifacts (of w2 ms duration), in particular when the stimulation is close to the recording site, pr ...
Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the
... esophageal mucosa was intact. The number of NADPH-d stained neurons did not show any significant difference between the sham and ranitidine groups. Several studies demonstrated the presence and importance of NO in vagal pathways. NO is involved in the control of esophageal peristalsis (30–32). Murra ...
... esophageal mucosa was intact. The number of NADPH-d stained neurons did not show any significant difference between the sham and ranitidine groups. Several studies demonstrated the presence and importance of NO in vagal pathways. NO is involved in the control of esophageal peristalsis (30–32). Murra ...