Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... to synaptic potentials associated with spontaneous EEG events, known as simple ( small, monophasic ) and complex (large, triphasic ) ENT sharp potentials ( SPs) , with no difference between the reversals of evoked and SP-related IPSPs ( 083.2 { 2.7 mV ) . IPSPs coinciding with complex SPs truncated ...
... to synaptic potentials associated with spontaneous EEG events, known as simple ( small, monophasic ) and complex (large, triphasic ) ENT sharp potentials ( SPs) , with no difference between the reversals of evoked and SP-related IPSPs ( 083.2 { 2.7 mV ) . IPSPs coinciding with complex SPs truncated ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... Figure 2. Cellular expression of halorhodopsin and electrophysiology of light-activated inhibition in errors confirmed that the main effects medium spiny neurons. (A) Medium spiny neurons (DARPP-32, red), halorhodopsin (YFP, green), and occurred in the errors after reversal. The their colocalization ...
... Figure 2. Cellular expression of halorhodopsin and electrophysiology of light-activated inhibition in errors confirmed that the main effects medium spiny neurons. (A) Medium spiny neurons (DARPP-32, red), halorhodopsin (YFP, green), and occurred in the errors after reversal. The their colocalization ...
The PLAT domain of LOV-1 interacts with ATP-2 to
... To ascertain the function of the PLAT domain, GFPtagged PLAT domain transgenes were introduced into wildtype animals. The mating behavior of transgenic animals is scored, with response and Lov defects being an effective readout of interference with polycystin signaling. The strong pkd-2 promoter is ...
... To ascertain the function of the PLAT domain, GFPtagged PLAT domain transgenes were introduced into wildtype animals. The mating behavior of transgenic animals is scored, with response and Lov defects being an effective readout of interference with polycystin signaling. The strong pkd-2 promoter is ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... Extracellular recordings were conducted after the final optical imaging session. Recording sites were determined using the cortical blood vessel patterns as a reference, and glass-coated platinum-iridium microelectrodes (1–2 M⍀ at 1 kHz) were placed using a hydraulic microdrive (MO-95, Narishige, To ...
... Extracellular recordings were conducted after the final optical imaging session. Recording sites were determined using the cortical blood vessel patterns as a reference, and glass-coated platinum-iridium microelectrodes (1–2 M⍀ at 1 kHz) were placed using a hydraulic microdrive (MO-95, Narishige, To ...
PDF
... Fig. 1. Left-right AWC neuronal asymmetry in C. elegans. (A,B) Amphid wing ‘C’ (AWC) cell anatomy. Lateral (A) and transverse (B) views of a wild-type C. elegans head showing two bilateral AWC neurons. One AWC cell that expresses a GFP-tagged transgene of the candidate odorant receptor gene str-2 (s ...
... Fig. 1. Left-right AWC neuronal asymmetry in C. elegans. (A,B) Amphid wing ‘C’ (AWC) cell anatomy. Lateral (A) and transverse (B) views of a wild-type C. elegans head showing two bilateral AWC neurons. One AWC cell that expresses a GFP-tagged transgene of the candidate odorant receptor gene str-2 (s ...
Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... In unfamiliar environments, neurons in the mEC exhibit grid-like firing patterns within minutes [4]. Moreover, grid cells react quickly to changes in the environment [42–44]. These observations challenge models for grid cells that require gradual synaptic changes during spatial exploration. In princ ...
... In unfamiliar environments, neurons in the mEC exhibit grid-like firing patterns within minutes [4]. Moreover, grid cells react quickly to changes in the environment [42–44]. These observations challenge models for grid cells that require gradual synaptic changes during spatial exploration. In princ ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... movement, are seen at 200–18 000 times longer time courses using voltammetry and microdialysis in vivo. Using these responses, dopamine neurotransmission provides differential and heterogeneous information to subcortical and cortical brain structures about essential outcome components for approach b ...
... movement, are seen at 200–18 000 times longer time courses using voltammetry and microdialysis in vivo. Using these responses, dopamine neurotransmission provides differential and heterogeneous information to subcortical and cortical brain structures about essential outcome components for approach b ...
Intersegmental synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal
... and Dutton 1969; Rudomin et al. 1974). In the earlier study (Manjarrez et al. 2000), we suggested that the ensemble of active dorsal horn neurons that leads to the spontaneous nCDPs fires in a highly synchronized manner and is longitudinally distributed throughout several spinal segments. In 1979, B ...
... and Dutton 1969; Rudomin et al. 1974). In the earlier study (Manjarrez et al. 2000), we suggested that the ensemble of active dorsal horn neurons that leads to the spontaneous nCDPs fires in a highly synchronized manner and is longitudinally distributed throughout several spinal segments. In 1979, B ...
Local functions for FMRP in axon growth cone motility and activity
... (Fig. 3A), as done by others (Prange and Murphy, 2001), since it is difficult during this stage of development in culture (2 weeks) to unequivocally distinguish spines from filopodium based solely on morphologic criteria. This is because filopodia are abundant and many spines have an ambiguous morph ...
... (Fig. 3A), as done by others (Prange and Murphy, 2001), since it is difficult during this stage of development in culture (2 weeks) to unequivocally distinguish spines from filopodium based solely on morphologic criteria. This is because filopodia are abundant and many spines have an ambiguous morph ...
GAP-43 Expression in Primary Sensory Neurons following Central
... segments, defined by the point of entrance of their dorsal roots into the dorsal horn, were then removed, postfixed for 6 hr, and then immersed in 20-30% sucrose in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 4°C) overnight. Northern blot analysis. The L3, L4, and L5 DRG ipsi- and contralateral to either a sciatic ne ...
... segments, defined by the point of entrance of their dorsal roots into the dorsal horn, were then removed, postfixed for 6 hr, and then immersed in 20-30% sucrose in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 4°C) overnight. Northern blot analysis. The L3, L4, and L5 DRG ipsi- and contralateral to either a sciatic ne ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... It has long ago been suggested that the large ¯uctuations of the membrane potential, exhibited by neurons under in vivo conditions, can be accounted for by the varying number of synaptic events impinging on a neuron at any time (Calvin & Stevens, 1968). Presumably, these ¯uctuations are to a large e ...
... It has long ago been suggested that the large ¯uctuations of the membrane potential, exhibited by neurons under in vivo conditions, can be accounted for by the varying number of synaptic events impinging on a neuron at any time (Calvin & Stevens, 1968). Presumably, these ¯uctuations are to a large e ...
Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... stimulus-driven, factors are involved (Bell et al. 2004, Fecteau et al. 2004). These results support the view that activity in the SC reflects both the stimulus-driven and top-down factors that regulate spatial attention and saccade selection (Fecteau & Munoz 2006). Although SC activity may have been ...
... stimulus-driven, factors are involved (Bell et al. 2004, Fecteau et al. 2004). These results support the view that activity in the SC reflects both the stimulus-driven and top-down factors that regulate spatial attention and saccade selection (Fecteau & Munoz 2006). Although SC activity may have been ...
PDF
... that the HRP chromogens applied during tissue processing penetrate more easily into unmyelinated somata, resulting in darker labeling. ...
... that the HRP chromogens applied during tissue processing penetrate more easily into unmyelinated somata, resulting in darker labeling. ...
Coding of Auditory-Stimulus Identity in the Auditory Non
... Single-unit extracellular recordings were obtained with a tungsten microelectrode (1 M⍀) at 1 kHz; FHC) seated inside a stainless steel guide tube. The electrode signal was amplified (MDA-4I, Bak Electronics) and band-pass filtered (model 3362, Krohn-Hite) between 0.6 and 6.0 kHz. Single-unit activi ...
... Single-unit extracellular recordings were obtained with a tungsten microelectrode (1 M⍀) at 1 kHz; FHC) seated inside a stainless steel guide tube. The electrode signal was amplified (MDA-4I, Bak Electronics) and band-pass filtered (model 3362, Krohn-Hite) between 0.6 and 6.0 kHz. Single-unit activi ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... evaluated on the assumption that the first 10 bins (160 ms) were relatively unaffected by reaching and could be considered, therefore, as a sample of a spontaneous activity. Average firing rate during this period was compared with the activity in at least 3-bin long (48 ms) continuous segments of th ...
... evaluated on the assumption that the first 10 bins (160 ms) were relatively unaffected by reaching and could be considered, therefore, as a sample of a spontaneous activity. Average firing rate during this period was compared with the activity in at least 3-bin long (48 ms) continuous segments of th ...
Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Nervous System
... Recent observations suggestthat FGFs may be important for the development and maintenanceof nervous tissue.FGFs are presentin relatively high levels in the brain (Gospodarowicz et al., 1987; Burgessand Maciag, 1989) and have been demonstrated in vitro to act upon various cell types from both the CNS ...
... Recent observations suggestthat FGFs may be important for the development and maintenanceof nervous tissue.FGFs are presentin relatively high levels in the brain (Gospodarowicz et al., 1987; Burgessand Maciag, 1989) and have been demonstrated in vitro to act upon various cell types from both the CNS ...
full text pdf
... Pruning: circuit specification and more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). ...
... Pruning: circuit specification and more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... presses a key; (ii) rewarded non-movement stimulus (Srnm), whereby reward is given if the monkey chooses not to press the key; (ii) unrewarded movement stimulus (Surm), whereby the reward is not given but the key press is still required. Unless the movement is performed in the Surm trial, another un ...
... presses a key; (ii) rewarded non-movement stimulus (Srnm), whereby reward is given if the monkey chooses not to press the key; (ii) unrewarded movement stimulus (Surm), whereby the reward is not given but the key press is still required. Unless the movement is performed in the Surm trial, another un ...
Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... of the organism. These observations suggest that functional specializations of glia might have developed to meet the specific requirements of distinct networks which might as such be critical determinants of brain activity. This new concept will change the way we think about brain function and put g ...
... of the organism. These observations suggest that functional specializations of glia might have developed to meet the specific requirements of distinct networks which might as such be critical determinants of brain activity. This new concept will change the way we think about brain function and put g ...
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
... This task is made all the more difficult because most resources have patchy distributions and varying reward values. This variability establishes different behavioral contexts in which sensory information is encoded by the nervous system. The nervous system must therefore adjust its activity so that ...
... This task is made all the more difficult because most resources have patchy distributions and varying reward values. This variability establishes different behavioral contexts in which sensory information is encoded by the nervous system. The nervous system must therefore adjust its activity so that ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... In this chapter, we discuss whether various brain structures process prediction errors that could control the modification of behavior in an attempt to understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral learning. Our discussion is limited to error-driven learning and does not include other for ...
... In this chapter, we discuss whether various brain structures process prediction errors that could control the modification of behavior in an attempt to understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral learning. Our discussion is limited to error-driven learning and does not include other for ...
MS word - University of Kentucky
... potentials cause the membrane potential of the muscle cell to move further away from threshold (hyperpolarize). Phasic and Tonic Neurons In addition to delivering different types of excitation signals (excitatory or inhibitory), The motor neurons can also be phasic or tonic. Phasic-type neurons rapi ...
... potentials cause the membrane potential of the muscle cell to move further away from threshold (hyperpolarize). Phasic and Tonic Neurons In addition to delivering different types of excitation signals (excitatory or inhibitory), The motor neurons can also be phasic or tonic. Phasic-type neurons rapi ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
The effect of fasting on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic arcuate
... 4A, C, 5A, 6A) among other ultrastructural changes. They were formed by two cisternae of the RER attached closely to each other. Their outer membranes were irregularly studded with ribosomes. The narrow cleft between two adjacent membranes was often filled with moderately dense material. In the cont ...
... 4A, C, 5A, 6A) among other ultrastructural changes. They were formed by two cisternae of the RER attached closely to each other. Their outer membranes were irregularly studded with ribosomes. The narrow cleft between two adjacent membranes was often filled with moderately dense material. In the cont ...