04 narc John neuron
... (1.7 ⫾ 0.1 ms), NREM-off (1.7 ⫾ 0.08 ms), and stateindependent (1.7 ⫾ 0.1 ms) cells (p ⬍ 0.05 for all; Dunn’s [Bonferroni] test; Figures 1C and 1D). No significant differences were seen among the spike widths of other cell types. REM-Off Cells Had Similar Discharge Rates in Quiet Waking and Cataplex ...
... (1.7 ⫾ 0.1 ms), NREM-off (1.7 ⫾ 0.08 ms), and stateindependent (1.7 ⫾ 0.1 ms) cells (p ⬍ 0.05 for all; Dunn’s [Bonferroni] test; Figures 1C and 1D). No significant differences were seen among the spike widths of other cell types. REM-Off Cells Had Similar Discharge Rates in Quiet Waking and Cataplex ...
CELL MIGRATION IN THE FOREBRAIN
... VZ constitutes the preplate (reviewed in Allendoerfer & Shatz 1994), originally described in Golgi-stained preparations as the primordial plexiform layer (Marı́nPadilla 1971). The second wave of neuronal migration forms the cortical plate, which splits the preplate into two layers, the marginal zone ...
... VZ constitutes the preplate (reviewed in Allendoerfer & Shatz 1994), originally described in Golgi-stained preparations as the primordial plexiform layer (Marı́nPadilla 1971). The second wave of neuronal migration forms the cortical plate, which splits the preplate into two layers, the marginal zone ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... were quantitatively analyzed and compared between the nuclei, and their relationships with the spinothalamic (STT) terminals were studied. From the earliest studies of Golgi impregnated cells (e.g., Cajal1911; Guillery, 1966; Tombol, 1967,19691,it has been observed that dendritic shapes in any given ...
... were quantitatively analyzed and compared between the nuclei, and their relationships with the spinothalamic (STT) terminals were studied. From the earliest studies of Golgi impregnated cells (e.g., Cajal1911; Guillery, 1966; Tombol, 1967,19691,it has been observed that dendritic shapes in any given ...
Amo, Neuron, 2014
... fish stays in the same compartment as the red light cue is presented as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and receives electrical shock as a negative reward (R). During this period, the reward expectation value (V) gradually changes from 0 to R ultimately, and the fish eventually learns to associate t ...
... fish stays in the same compartment as the red light cue is presented as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and receives electrical shock as a negative reward (R). During this period, the reward expectation value (V) gradually changes from 0 to R ultimately, and the fish eventually learns to associate t ...
Age-related naturally occurring depression of
... other two sides were made of transparent plastic. The floor was made of stainless steel rods connected to a shock delivery apparatus (Grid Floor Shocker, Coulbourn Instruments, Model E13-08). There was a loudspeaker to emit acoustic stimuli of known intensity, frequency, and duration. The apparatus w ...
... other two sides were made of transparent plastic. The floor was made of stainless steel rods connected to a shock delivery apparatus (Grid Floor Shocker, Coulbourn Instruments, Model E13-08). There was a loudspeaker to emit acoustic stimuli of known intensity, frequency, and duration. The apparatus w ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... The appearance of the neocortex, its expansion, and its differentiation in mammals, represents one of the principal episodes in the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of ...
... The appearance of the neocortex, its expansion, and its differentiation in mammals, represents one of the principal episodes in the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of ...
PDF
... sensitivity implies that LSO principal cells are targeted by neural pathways that encode intensity. In the present study, we provide evidence that planar cells, a subclass of multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), project to the LSO. The LSO receives input from two neural pathways t ...
... sensitivity implies that LSO principal cells are targeted by neural pathways that encode intensity. In the present study, we provide evidence that planar cells, a subclass of multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), project to the LSO. The LSO receives input from two neural pathways t ...
Nerves and how they work File
... up if the neurotransmitter activates Na+ channels on the post synaptic membrane • An EPSP depolarises the post-synaptic membrane • Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) is set up if the neurotransmitter activates Cl- channels in the post-synaptic membrane • And IPSP hyperpolarises the post-synap ...
... up if the neurotransmitter activates Na+ channels on the post synaptic membrane • An EPSP depolarises the post-synaptic membrane • Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) is set up if the neurotransmitter activates Cl- channels in the post-synaptic membrane • And IPSP hyperpolarises the post-synap ...
Nerve Regeneration in C. elegans after femtosecond laser axotomy
... disconnection of the dendrites following the laser operation. The morphology of phasmid neurons provided an opportunity to test the resolution of the laser-assisted axotomy. We were able to cut one of the closely fasciculated dendrites (only few micrometers apart) while leaving the other dendrites i ...
... disconnection of the dendrites following the laser operation. The morphology of phasmid neurons provided an opportunity to test the resolution of the laser-assisted axotomy. We were able to cut one of the closely fasciculated dendrites (only few micrometers apart) while leaving the other dendrites i ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... unpredicted rewards and depressed by omitted rewards [15,19]. Moreover, unlike DA neurons, TANs do not show different degrees of modulation upon variation of the probability of reward. Hence, it seems that TANs can emit a signal reflecting the absence of an expected reward. However, the finding show ...
... unpredicted rewards and depressed by omitted rewards [15,19]. Moreover, unlike DA neurons, TANs do not show different degrees of modulation upon variation of the probability of reward. Hence, it seems that TANs can emit a signal reflecting the absence of an expected reward. However, the finding show ...
The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom
... examine neurons under controllable and experimentally malleable conditions. Theoretically, this means in cell culture the precise extracellular environment to which the neurons are exposed is known and therefore allows for the direct assessment of defined variables on various neuronal parameters. Fo ...
... examine neurons under controllable and experimentally malleable conditions. Theoretically, this means in cell culture the precise extracellular environment to which the neurons are exposed is known and therefore allows for the direct assessment of defined variables on various neuronal parameters. Fo ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... 2. Area VIP has a high degree of selectivity for the direction of a moving stimulus. In our sample 72 / 88 ( 80% ) neurons responded at least twice as well to a stimulus moving in the preferred direction compared with a stimulus moving in the null direction. The average response to stimuli moving in ...
... 2. Area VIP has a high degree of selectivity for the direction of a moving stimulus. In our sample 72 / 88 ( 80% ) neurons responded at least twice as well to a stimulus moving in the preferred direction compared with a stimulus moving in the null direction. The average response to stimuli moving in ...
Optophysiological analysis of associational circuits in the olfactory
... FIGURE 2 | Light-evoked EPSCs at AON to aPC synapses. (A) ChR2-EYFP expressing axon fibers from the AON projecting to the aPC with AAV injection into the AON of a rat pup (P6). Fluorescence intensity was high in layer 1b where most of the associational fibers are found, but there were also labeled f ...
... FIGURE 2 | Light-evoked EPSCs at AON to aPC synapses. (A) ChR2-EYFP expressing axon fibers from the AON projecting to the aPC with AAV injection into the AON of a rat pup (P6). Fluorescence intensity was high in layer 1b where most of the associational fibers are found, but there were also labeled f ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... significant (Mann–Whitney U test, P ⬍ 0.01). The numbers above this line reflect the start and end times of the interval in which a significant difference persisted for ⬎100 ms. C: baseline activity during the selected 100-ms interval (800 –700 ms prior to array presentation) in each trial is shown ...
... significant (Mann–Whitney U test, P ⬍ 0.01). The numbers above this line reflect the start and end times of the interval in which a significant difference persisted for ⬎100 ms. C: baseline activity during the selected 100-ms interval (800 –700 ms prior to array presentation) in each trial is shown ...
Chapter 2
... the central nucleus. Because IC subdivisions must be related to the constituent neurons and their inputs, the first part of this chapter discusses how the central nucleus and surrounding structures differ in this regard. One way to address the possible functional differences is through the study of ...
... the central nucleus. Because IC subdivisions must be related to the constituent neurons and their inputs, the first part of this chapter discusses how the central nucleus and surrounding structures differ in this regard. One way to address the possible functional differences is through the study of ...
The neurophysiological correlates of motor tics following focal
... motor tics confined to a single or a few muscles. The temporal and structural properties of the tics were identified using electromyogram and frame-by-frame analysis of multi-camera video recordings. During experimental sessions the tics would wax and wane, but their size and shape remained highly s ...
... motor tics confined to a single or a few muscles. The temporal and structural properties of the tics were identified using electromyogram and frame-by-frame analysis of multi-camera video recordings. During experimental sessions the tics would wax and wane, but their size and shape remained highly s ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... (Bender et al., 1994). Although incidences of CNO being metabolized via back-transformation to clozapine have been reported in humans and guinea pigs (Jann et al., 1994), this has not been an issue in mice or rat studies at the low concentrations needed to activate the receptors. Nonetheless, work c ...
... (Bender et al., 1994). Although incidences of CNO being metabolized via back-transformation to clozapine have been reported in humans and guinea pigs (Jann et al., 1994), this has not been an issue in mice or rat studies at the low concentrations needed to activate the receptors. Nonetheless, work c ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... neurons receive stronger inhibition from parvalbumin-positive fast spiking interneurons (Lee et al., 2014). Therefore, PT neurons may represent a final convergence point for numerous local excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Equally important to the connections they make and receive, PT and I ...
... neurons receive stronger inhibition from parvalbumin-positive fast spiking interneurons (Lee et al., 2014). Therefore, PT neurons may represent a final convergence point for numerous local excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Equally important to the connections they make and receive, PT and I ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... None of these high-level models propose underlying neural mechanisms. Creating a realistic neural model will allow us to gain a deeper understanding and make more detailed predictions. Several compelling neuron-level models have been proposed that reproduce some of the center-surround effects (Ursin ...
... None of these high-level models propose underlying neural mechanisms. Creating a realistic neural model will allow us to gain a deeper understanding and make more detailed predictions. Several compelling neuron-level models have been proposed that reproduce some of the center-surround effects (Ursin ...
Smell Prism - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ
... We perceive many odor qualities, notes perhaps each associated with one of the hundreds of olfactory receptors (OR). Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) have dendrites with cilia containing a G-protiencoupled OR and axons that communicate to the olfactory bulb. OSN can regenerate, giving them an unusual ...
... We perceive many odor qualities, notes perhaps each associated with one of the hundreds of olfactory receptors (OR). Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) have dendrites with cilia containing a G-protiencoupled OR and axons that communicate to the olfactory bulb. OSN can regenerate, giving them an unusual ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... brain nuclei used for song production, development, and perception are song selective, firing more to forward auditory playback of the bird’s own song (BOS) than to reverse BOS or conspecific songs (Margoliash, 1983; Doupe and Konishi, 1991; Janata and Margoliash, 1999). Elucidating the circuitry un ...
... brain nuclei used for song production, development, and perception are song selective, firing more to forward auditory playback of the bird’s own song (BOS) than to reverse BOS or conspecific songs (Margoliash, 1983; Doupe and Konishi, 1991; Janata and Margoliash, 1999). Elucidating the circuitry un ...
Neuropeptidergic Organization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in
... advances or delays depending on circadian phase. The phase response curve for the phase shifting effects of NPY are different from that caused by light [2,33,60,64]. In addition, the level of NPY in the SCN shows two peaks at the day/night and night/day transition periods [7,37,68,71], which suggest ...
... advances or delays depending on circadian phase. The phase response curve for the phase shifting effects of NPY are different from that caused by light [2,33,60,64]. In addition, the level of NPY in the SCN shows two peaks at the day/night and night/day transition periods [7,37,68,71], which suggest ...