Systems memory consolidation in Drosophila
... to be acquired, encoded, stored, maintained and retrieved. As time passes after training, memories become less easily retrieved, but also become progressively more stable in the face of experimental perturbations. This process is referred to as consolidation. But the term has been used to describe t ...
... to be acquired, encoded, stored, maintained and retrieved. As time passes after training, memories become less easily retrieved, but also become progressively more stable in the face of experimental perturbations. This process is referred to as consolidation. But the term has been used to describe t ...
VISCERAL SENSORY NEURONS THAT INNERVATE BOTH
... duration of pain than do men. Nociception is a balance of pro- and antinociceptive inputs that is subject to regulation depending on the normal state of the organism. The cell bodies of primary visceral spinal afferent neurons are located in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Direct activation of chemosensi ...
... duration of pain than do men. Nociception is a balance of pro- and antinociceptive inputs that is subject to regulation depending on the normal state of the organism. The cell bodies of primary visceral spinal afferent neurons are located in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Direct activation of chemosensi ...
Structure-Function Relationships in Rat Brainstem Subnucleus
... injured ganglion cells and their central projections with supplemental NGF would prevent patch enlargement. This did not occur. Patches enlarged as in animals whose ganglion cells were not rescued. Thus, central arbor expansion in spared-whisker primary afferents underlies the altered somatotopy ind ...
... injured ganglion cells and their central projections with supplemental NGF would prevent patch enlargement. This did not occur. Patches enlarged as in animals whose ganglion cells were not rescued. Thus, central arbor expansion in spared-whisker primary afferents underlies the altered somatotopy ind ...
Dopamine – CNS Pathways and Neurophysiology
... neuron, causing a train of action potentials to be variable from one waveform to the next, and readily distinguishable by the long-duration negative phase, although such differences can be obscured if improper filter settings are employed. Passive Membrane Properties ...
... neuron, causing a train of action potentials to be variable from one waveform to the next, and readily distinguishable by the long-duration negative phase, although such differences can be obscured if improper filter settings are employed. Passive Membrane Properties ...
Polarization-sensitive and light-sensitive neurons in two parallel
... pathways to the central complex include signal processing in the upper and lower units of the anterior optic tubercle. To determine whether these pathways carry polarization-vision signals, we have recorded the responses of interneurons of the optic tubercle of the locust to visual stimuli including ...
... pathways to the central complex include signal processing in the upper and lower units of the anterior optic tubercle. To determine whether these pathways carry polarization-vision signals, we have recorded the responses of interneurons of the optic tubercle of the locust to visual stimuli including ...
Document
... dorsal root ganglia are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, which is continuous with the dorsal root epi- and perineurium. ...
... dorsal root ganglia are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, which is continuous with the dorsal root epi- and perineurium. ...
The Cl Area of the Brainstem in Tonic and Reflex
... Cl area are local neurons, some of which can be characterized immunocytochemically as containing yaminobutyric acid (GABA),16 or being cholinergic17 or enkephalinergic.18 Neuropepu'de Y is colocalized with PNMT in some Cl neurons," while substance P, also found in the region, is only colocalized wit ...
... Cl area are local neurons, some of which can be characterized immunocytochemically as containing yaminobutyric acid (GABA),16 or being cholinergic17 or enkephalinergic.18 Neuropepu'de Y is colocalized with PNMT in some Cl neurons," while substance P, also found in the region, is only colocalized wit ...
Mechanism of Irregular Firing of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
... collaterals (Card and Moore 1984; van den Pol 1980; van den Pol and Gorcs 1986), and electrophysiological studies support the hypothesis that these collateral axons form a network of local inhibitory circuits (Strecker et al. 1997). The role of interneuronal communication within the SCN is also uncl ...
... collaterals (Card and Moore 1984; van den Pol 1980; van den Pol and Gorcs 1986), and electrophysiological studies support the hypothesis that these collateral axons form a network of local inhibitory circuits (Strecker et al. 1997). The role of interneuronal communication within the SCN is also uncl ...
Motor functions
... final common path by which neural impulses are transmitted to muscle. Nerve cells of lower motor neurons are situated in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and motor nuclei of the brainstem. Axons of these cells comprise the anterior spinal roots, then the spinal nerves (or cranial nerves) and th ...
... final common path by which neural impulses are transmitted to muscle. Nerve cells of lower motor neurons are situated in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and motor nuclei of the brainstem. Axons of these cells comprise the anterior spinal roots, then the spinal nerves (or cranial nerves) and th ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... preganglionic neurons with axons exiting in VII and IX cranial nerves. Other brainstem parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (with axons exiting in III and X) do not appear to contain markers for NOS (Kowall and Mueller, 1988; W. P. Gai and W. W. Blessing, unpublished observations). The rostrally lo ...
... preganglionic neurons with axons exiting in VII and IX cranial nerves. Other brainstem parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (with axons exiting in III and X) do not appear to contain markers for NOS (Kowall and Mueller, 1988; W. P. Gai and W. W. Blessing, unpublished observations). The rostrally lo ...
MARMORATAl - Journal of Neuroscience
... be relatively easy to identify in an adult nervous system on the basis of specific morphological and electrophysiological criteria, such identification may be difficult, if not impossible, during neuronal ontogenesis. The reasons for this are many. For example, size is often used to distinguish a ce ...
... be relatively easy to identify in an adult nervous system on the basis of specific morphological and electrophysiological criteria, such identification may be difficult, if not impossible, during neuronal ontogenesis. The reasons for this are many. For example, size is often used to distinguish a ce ...
Cranial Nerve I
... Myelin Sheath and Neurilemma: Formation Formed by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS A Schwann cell: Envelopes an axon in a trough Encloses the axon with its plasma membrane Has concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath Neurilemma – remaining nuc ...
... Myelin Sheath and Neurilemma: Formation Formed by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS A Schwann cell: Envelopes an axon in a trough Encloses the axon with its plasma membrane Has concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath Neurilemma – remaining nuc ...
neuronal types and their specification dynamics in
... types projecting to the pilo (PEM) and nipple (NEM) erector muscles. In paper III, we show that the parasympathetic nervous system, previously thought to be originated by the Neural Crest Stem Cells (NCSCs) is derived from stem-like Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) intimately associated with the exten ...
... types projecting to the pilo (PEM) and nipple (NEM) erector muscles. In paper III, we show that the parasympathetic nervous system, previously thought to be originated by the Neural Crest Stem Cells (NCSCs) is derived from stem-like Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) intimately associated with the exten ...
Use of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus to
... these 250 lm wide bands of the MIs were encountered. In the left hemisphere, this 250 lm wide cortical band contained the penetration channel too (Fig. 1). To check whether the infection pattern exceeded the 250 lm wide band, one animal randomly selected from the n7x group and one from the sham-oper ...
... these 250 lm wide bands of the MIs were encountered. In the left hemisphere, this 250 lm wide cortical band contained the penetration channel too (Fig. 1). To check whether the infection pattern exceeded the 250 lm wide band, one animal randomly selected from the n7x group and one from the sham-oper ...
neurology_lec13_9_5_2011 - Post-it
... Generated by Unregistered Batch DOC & DOCX Converter 2011.3.403.1476, please register! ganglion cells, which convey information to the optic nerve (via the optic disc). The optic nerve connects to the pretectal nucleus of the upper midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary v ...
... Generated by Unregistered Batch DOC & DOCX Converter 2011.3.403.1476, please register! ganglion cells, which convey information to the optic nerve (via the optic disc). The optic nerve connects to the pretectal nucleus of the upper midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary v ...
The Biological Perspective
... “glue”) cells are often considered the glue that holds the brain together. There are several different types of glial cells that perform various functions, such as getting nutrients to the neurons, cleaning up the remains of neurons that have died, and providing insulation for neurons. Why are the g ...
... “glue”) cells are often considered the glue that holds the brain together. There are several different types of glial cells that perform various functions, such as getting nutrients to the neurons, cleaning up the remains of neurons that have died, and providing insulation for neurons. Why are the g ...
Sliding
... the NMDAR by reducing the Mg block post then pre-> LTD: several hypothesis 1) Ca entry during the AP. Ca is not fully removed by the time synapses are activated and help to bring [Ca]i to the LTD threshold 2) Ca entry during the AP desensitizes the NMDAR so it does no reach the threshold for LTP. (c ...
... the NMDAR by reducing the Mg block post then pre-> LTD: several hypothesis 1) Ca entry during the AP. Ca is not fully removed by the time synapses are activated and help to bring [Ca]i to the LTD threshold 2) Ca entry during the AP desensitizes the NMDAR so it does no reach the threshold for LTP. (c ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... Transcallosal projection neurons are a population of pyramidal excitatory neurons located in layers II/III and to a lesser extent layer V of the cortex. Their axons form the corpus callosum thereby providing an inter-hemispheric connection in the brain. While transcallosal projection neurons have be ...
... Transcallosal projection neurons are a population of pyramidal excitatory neurons located in layers II/III and to a lesser extent layer V of the cortex. Their axons form the corpus callosum thereby providing an inter-hemispheric connection in the brain. While transcallosal projection neurons have be ...
Fine tuning of vestibular apparatus in terrestrial snail at Earth and
... phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic effectivity is critical for the storage of long-term memory. Although the expression of the early induction phase of LTP has been studied extensively (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993), the mechanism for synaptic enhancement and a possibility of its modi ...
... phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic effectivity is critical for the storage of long-term memory. Although the expression of the early induction phase of LTP has been studied extensively (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993), the mechanism for synaptic enhancement and a possibility of its modi ...
wood ant (formica lugubris zett.)
... Reconstructions based on serial electron micrographs of the mushroom body of the wood ant reveal that the glial cell processes separating neuron cell bodies form a complex network of extremely thin lamellae. The glial sheaths contain round gaps or windows of varying size through which neurons make d ...
... Reconstructions based on serial electron micrographs of the mushroom body of the wood ant reveal that the glial cell processes separating neuron cell bodies form a complex network of extremely thin lamellae. The glial sheaths contain round gaps or windows of varying size through which neurons make d ...
neurotransmitters 101
... The brain’s 100 billion neurons connect the various organs and brain regions into a complex network of circuits that control specific functions within the body. Simply speaking, these circuits serve as on/off switches for the millions of messages and processes carried out on a daily basis. For examp ...
... The brain’s 100 billion neurons connect the various organs and brain regions into a complex network of circuits that control specific functions within the body. Simply speaking, these circuits serve as on/off switches for the millions of messages and processes carried out on a daily basis. For examp ...
Neural Mechanisms for Binaural Interactions in the Superior Olivary
... project via the trapezoid body (TB) to the ipsilateral LSO and the MSO on both sides. • Globular bushy cells in AVCN project, also via the TB, to the contralateral MNTB. MNTB neurons project to the ipsilateral LSO as well as some PON. • Thus, MSO and LSO get inputs from both sides (via MNTB for LSO) ...
... project via the trapezoid body (TB) to the ipsilateral LSO and the MSO on both sides. • Globular bushy cells in AVCN project, also via the TB, to the contralateral MNTB. MNTB neurons project to the ipsilateral LSO as well as some PON. • Thus, MSO and LSO get inputs from both sides (via MNTB for LSO) ...
as a PDF
... regions (Fig. 1) known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in experimental animals. Medium-sized neurons were located in a region bordered by the spinal trigeminal nucleus laterally, the facial nucleus medially and the medial vestibular nucleus dorsally. Rostrally, these neurons were sc ...
... regions (Fig. 1) known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in experimental animals. Medium-sized neurons were located in a region bordered by the spinal trigeminal nucleus laterally, the facial nucleus medially and the medial vestibular nucleus dorsally. Rostrally, these neurons were sc ...
Properties of Primary Sensory (Lemniscal) Synapses in the
... latency of ⬃2 ms (Fig. 1B). Thus lemniscal synapses are extremely fast (Sabatini and Regehr 1999). Corticothalamic synapses formed onto neurons of the ventrobasal thalamus display paired-pulse facilitation (Castro-Alamancos and Calcagnotto 1999). The next experiments (n ⫽ 10 neurons) explored the fr ...
... latency of ⬃2 ms (Fig. 1B). Thus lemniscal synapses are extremely fast (Sabatini and Regehr 1999). Corticothalamic synapses formed onto neurons of the ventrobasal thalamus display paired-pulse facilitation (Castro-Alamancos and Calcagnotto 1999). The next experiments (n ⫽ 10 neurons) explored the fr ...
Axon
.svg?width=300)
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.