Slide 1
... • TRACT: collection of axons of neurones having the same origin, termination & function found in CNS • NERVES: collection of axons of neurones having the same origin, termination & function outside CNS • GREY MATTER OF A PART OF CNS: collections of all nuclei in that part of CNS • WHITE MATTER OF A ...
... • TRACT: collection of axons of neurones having the same origin, termination & function found in CNS • NERVES: collection of axons of neurones having the same origin, termination & function outside CNS • GREY MATTER OF A PART OF CNS: collections of all nuclei in that part of CNS • WHITE MATTER OF A ...
Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator
... that are inhibited in the latent phase of scratch. Rubrospinal tract neurons become tonically active during the latent period (Arshavsky et al. 1978c). Some fastigial nuclei (cerebellar) neurons were inhibited during the latent period (Antziferova et al. 1980). Moreover, interpositus nucleus neurons ...
... that are inhibited in the latent phase of scratch. Rubrospinal tract neurons become tonically active during the latent period (Arshavsky et al. 1978c). Some fastigial nuclei (cerebellar) neurons were inhibited during the latent period (Antziferova et al. 1980). Moreover, interpositus nucleus neurons ...
PDF
... shock, it acquires persistent negative valence—an aversive memory is formed (Quinn et al., 1974; Tully and Quinn, 1985). Omitting electric shocks during further odor presentations gradually restores the odor’s original hedonic valence—the aversive memory is extinguished (Quinn et al., 1974; Tully an ...
... shock, it acquires persistent negative valence—an aversive memory is formed (Quinn et al., 1974; Tully and Quinn, 1985). Omitting electric shocks during further odor presentations gradually restores the odor’s original hedonic valence—the aversive memory is extinguished (Quinn et al., 1974; Tully an ...
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... superior cervical ganglion (SCG) provide somatosensory and sympathetic innervation, respectively, to a diversity of structures throughout the head. The timing of neurogenesis, naturally occurring neuronal death and target field innervation and the timing of NGF dependency have been described in deta ...
... superior cervical ganglion (SCG) provide somatosensory and sympathetic innervation, respectively, to a diversity of structures throughout the head. The timing of neurogenesis, naturally occurring neuronal death and target field innervation and the timing of NGF dependency have been described in deta ...
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... superposition catastrophe problem faces issues as well, in that its functional characteristics are difficult to derive analytically (Achler and Amir, 1999). Even though the approach of neuroscience and AI fields support a structured mathematical-statistical framework, the actual mechanism is expected ...
... superposition catastrophe problem faces issues as well, in that its functional characteristics are difficult to derive analytically (Achler and Amir, 1999). Even though the approach of neuroscience and AI fields support a structured mathematical-statistical framework, the actual mechanism is expected ...
resource - Fujisawa lab
... Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 ...
... Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 ...
ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Dopaminergic Neurons
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...
Pergamon - Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit
... ~:Department of Neurology, Emory University School Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. Abstract--The modulatory actions of dopamine on the flow of cortical information through the basal ganglia are mediated mainly through two subtypes of receptors, the D 1 and D e receptors. In order to examine the precis ...
... ~:Department of Neurology, Emory University School Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. Abstract--The modulatory actions of dopamine on the flow of cortical information through the basal ganglia are mediated mainly through two subtypes of receptors, the D 1 and D e receptors. In order to examine the precis ...
Cortex Brainstem Spinal Cord Thalamus Cerebellum Basal Ganglia
... There are numerous reflexes that are mediated by local spinal cord circuitry. Clinically, the most important of these is the stretch reflex. Type Ia afferents from the muscle spindle constitute the afferent limb of the response. Fibers from these neurons synapse directly on motor neurons innervating ...
... There are numerous reflexes that are mediated by local spinal cord circuitry. Clinically, the most important of these is the stretch reflex. Type Ia afferents from the muscle spindle constitute the afferent limb of the response. Fibers from these neurons synapse directly on motor neurons innervating ...
MSc Thesis Template Document
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
Changes in the inner and outer retinal layers after acute increase of
... group of animals examined 14 weeks after laser, thus for this group we have quantified in a masked fashion: i) the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and outer plexiforme layer (OPL) using a TO-PRO stain which labels nucleus of retinal cells, and ii) the number of synaptic contacts between ph ...
... group of animals examined 14 weeks after laser, thus for this group we have quantified in a masked fashion: i) the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and outer plexiforme layer (OPL) using a TO-PRO stain which labels nucleus of retinal cells, and ii) the number of synaptic contacts between ph ...
Topography of Four Classes of Kenyon Cells in the Mushroom
... connections with dendrites of extrinsic (output) neurons. In this study, we examined the morphology of Kenyon cells in the cockroach by using Golgi stains and found that they can be classified into four classes (K1, K2, K3, and K4), according to the diameter, location, and morphology of the cell bod ...
... connections with dendrites of extrinsic (output) neurons. In this study, we examined the morphology of Kenyon cells in the cockroach by using Golgi stains and found that they can be classified into four classes (K1, K2, K3, and K4), according to the diameter, location, and morphology of the cell bod ...
Central Nervous System
... Axon terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters Axon terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap Synaptic cleft—gap between adjacent neurons Synapse—junction between nerves ...
... Axon terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters Axon terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap Synaptic cleft—gap between adjacent neurons Synapse—junction between nerves ...
motor pathways i-iii
... bidirectional connections between it and the cerebral cortex, and between it and the brain stem motor centers. 2. Basal nuclei (ganglia) a) Often referred to by neurologists as the “extrapyramidal system”. b) BN do not initiate motor activity. c) When the cortex starts a motor activity, BN come into ...
... bidirectional connections between it and the cerebral cortex, and between it and the brain stem motor centers. 2. Basal nuclei (ganglia) a) Often referred to by neurologists as the “extrapyramidal system”. b) BN do not initiate motor activity. c) When the cortex starts a motor activity, BN come into ...
Development of GAP-43 mRNA in the macaque cerebral cortex
... fetal period wembryonic day 120 ŽE120.x to the adult stage. In two other areas, i.e., the parietal association area ŽPG. and the secondary visual area ŽOB., the amount of GAP-43 mRNA was measured during the postnatal period. The amount of GAP-43 mRNA was highest at E120, decreased roughly exponentia ...
... fetal period wembryonic day 120 ŽE120.x to the adult stage. In two other areas, i.e., the parietal association area ŽPG. and the secondary visual area ŽOB., the amount of GAP-43 mRNA was measured during the postnatal period. The amount of GAP-43 mRNA was highest at E120, decreased roughly exponentia ...
see p. D20 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... Myopathies (↓number of muscle fibers in individual motor units; number of motor units is normal): – myopathic potentials - ↓duration & amplitude (i.e. recruitment density is normal, but envelope amplitude is reduced); pathognomonic finding of myopathy: full recruitment in weak, wasted muscle. – ↑inc ...
... Myopathies (↓number of muscle fibers in individual motor units; number of motor units is normal): – myopathic potentials - ↓duration & amplitude (i.e. recruitment density is normal, but envelope amplitude is reduced); pathognomonic finding of myopathy: full recruitment in weak, wasted muscle. – ↑inc ...
Document
... Ascending tracts of posterior funiculus Sensory ganglionic cells are the primary neurons. Their dendrites innervate receptors of many kinds of discriminative sensations (limb position and movement, pressure, vibration, precise touch) and convey impulses running in spinal nerve towards the spinal ga ...
... Ascending tracts of posterior funiculus Sensory ganglionic cells are the primary neurons. Their dendrites innervate receptors of many kinds of discriminative sensations (limb position and movement, pressure, vibration, precise touch) and convey impulses running in spinal nerve towards the spinal ga ...
Article - Dynamic Connectome Lab
... (voltage-sensitive dye imaging, calcium imaging, intrinsic signal optical imaging), intracellular electrode recordings of individual neurons, and extracellular recordings using single or multiple electrodes (Brette and Destexhe 2012). While each modality provides some information about the system’s ...
... (voltage-sensitive dye imaging, calcium imaging, intrinsic signal optical imaging), intracellular electrode recordings of individual neurons, and extracellular recordings using single or multiple electrodes (Brette and Destexhe 2012). While each modality provides some information about the system’s ...
Combinatorial Marking of Cells and Organelles with Split
... HSN fluorescence was weak and rarely seen when split GFP was generated from these promoters ...
... HSN fluorescence was weak and rarely seen when split GFP was generated from these promoters ...
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
... The central control of the visceral nervous system includes three primary areas: the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and reticular formation. In the visceral nervous system, cortical centers play a minor role in central control. The two cortical centers, the ventrobasal frontal lobe and the rhinencep ...
... The central control of the visceral nervous system includes three primary areas: the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and reticular formation. In the visceral nervous system, cortical centers play a minor role in central control. The two cortical centers, the ventrobasal frontal lobe and the rhinencep ...
(addl. 3)
... approaching this difficult goal of brain emulation. We contrast competing approaches, and examine the major obstacles. Artificial neurons and neural networks were proposed as far back as 1943, when Warren McColluch and Walter Pitts [2] proposed a “Threshold Logic Unit” with multiple weighted binary ...
... approaching this difficult goal of brain emulation. We contrast competing approaches, and examine the major obstacles. Artificial neurons and neural networks were proposed as far back as 1943, when Warren McColluch and Walter Pitts [2] proposed a “Threshold Logic Unit” with multiple weighted binary ...
Challenges for Brain Emulation
... approaching this difficult goal of brain emulation. We contrast competing approaches, and examine the major obstacles. Artificial neurons and neural networks were proposed as far back as 1943, when Warren McColluch and Walter Pitts [2] proposed a “Threshold Logic Unit” with multiple weighted binary ...
... approaching this difficult goal of brain emulation. We contrast competing approaches, and examine the major obstacles. Artificial neurons and neural networks were proposed as far back as 1943, when Warren McColluch and Walter Pitts [2] proposed a “Threshold Logic Unit” with multiple weighted binary ...
Neuronal oscillations and brain wave dynamics in a LIF model
... One might expect that periodic input produces periodic output, even if the frequencies are not directly related to eachother. However, when the input is just random noise, would this also produce periodic output? Using the same model and configuration, the only thing that was changed was that the in ...
... One might expect that periodic input produces periodic output, even if the frequencies are not directly related to eachother. However, when the input is just random noise, would this also produce periodic output? Using the same model and configuration, the only thing that was changed was that the in ...
resting membrane potential
... • A motor neuron has multiple branched dendrites and a single axon, which is much longer than the dendrites • The branches terminate in structures called synaptic boutons (terminal bulbs, or synaptic knobs) ...
... • A motor neuron has multiple branched dendrites and a single axon, which is much longer than the dendrites • The branches terminate in structures called synaptic boutons (terminal bulbs, or synaptic knobs) ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.