Encoding Information in Neuronal Activity
... stimulus that elicits the largest firing rate from a cell [Lettvin et al., 1959] . In fact the firing rate code hypothesis has led to the discovery of the role of neurons that are further from sensory receptors or muscles. Hubel and Wiesel used the firing rate hypothesis to discover that some of the ...
... stimulus that elicits the largest firing rate from a cell [Lettvin et al., 1959] . In fact the firing rate code hypothesis has led to the discovery of the role of neurons that are further from sensory receptors or muscles. Hubel and Wiesel used the firing rate hypothesis to discover that some of the ...
The Spinal Nerve
... Has projections (gray horns) Organization of Gray Matter The gray horns Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceralsensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei Gray commissures (axons that ...
... Has projections (gray horns) Organization of Gray Matter The gray horns Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceralsensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei Gray commissures (axons that ...
Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and
... regardless of cutoff age, 40 to 69 years). Moreover, there was a very high absolute prevalence of mtDNA deletions in neurons from aged substantia nigra (Fig. 1). In addition, in many neurons, the fraction of deletions exceeded 60%, which is believed to be the phenotypic threshold (the fraction above ...
... regardless of cutoff age, 40 to 69 years). Moreover, there was a very high absolute prevalence of mtDNA deletions in neurons from aged substantia nigra (Fig. 1). In addition, in many neurons, the fraction of deletions exceeded 60%, which is believed to be the phenotypic threshold (the fraction above ...
A lineage-related reciprocal inhibition circuitry for sensory
... maintenance of behavioural actions. However, little is known about the formation of the underlying circuits, or how they integrate sensory information for motor actions. Here, we show that paired embryonic neuroblasts generate central complex ring neurons that mediate sensory-motor transformation an ...
... maintenance of behavioural actions. However, little is known about the formation of the underlying circuits, or how they integrate sensory information for motor actions. Here, we show that paired embryonic neuroblasts generate central complex ring neurons that mediate sensory-motor transformation an ...
Nothing can be coincidence: synaptic inhibition and plasticity in the
... inactivation, the neurons operate with a low availability of Na+ channels despite the presence of resurgent Na+ current [20]. In slice preparations, although spontaneous firing persists, even a short bout of rapid firing evoked by current injection or synaptic excitation can easily drive these cells ...
... inactivation, the neurons operate with a low availability of Na+ channels despite the presence of resurgent Na+ current [20]. In slice preparations, although spontaneous firing persists, even a short bout of rapid firing evoked by current injection or synaptic excitation can easily drive these cells ...
5104-c2
... • By culturing cells from neonatal rat SCN on fixed microelectrode arrays, we have been able to record spontaneous action potentials from individual SCN neurons for days or weeks, revealing prominent circadian rhythms in firing rate. • Despite abundant functional synapses, circadian rhythms expresse ...
... • By culturing cells from neonatal rat SCN on fixed microelectrode arrays, we have been able to record spontaneous action potentials from individual SCN neurons for days or weeks, revealing prominent circadian rhythms in firing rate. • Despite abundant functional synapses, circadian rhythms expresse ...
Loss of IP receptor function in neuropeptide Drosophila
... the phenotypes of itpr mutant animals rescued by expression of an itpr+ cDNA as compared with rescue by over-expression of Drosophila ILP2, suggesting that IP3R mutants affect a broader axis of neurohormonal control than the one defined by insulin signaling [9]. IP3-mediated calcium signaling and it ...
... the phenotypes of itpr mutant animals rescued by expression of an itpr+ cDNA as compared with rescue by over-expression of Drosophila ILP2, suggesting that IP3R mutants affect a broader axis of neurohormonal control than the one defined by insulin signaling [9]. IP3-mediated calcium signaling and it ...
High-performance genetically targetable optical neural silencing by
... To directly assess Arch in vivo, we injected lentivirus encoding for Arch into mouse cortex and recorded neural responses ~1 month later. Arch expressed well (Fig. 3Bi) and appeared well localized to the plasma membrane, labeling cell bodies, processes, and dendritic spines (Fig. 3Bii). We recorded ...
... To directly assess Arch in vivo, we injected lentivirus encoding for Arch into mouse cortex and recorded neural responses ~1 month later. Arch expressed well (Fig. 3Bi) and appeared well localized to the plasma membrane, labeling cell bodies, processes, and dendritic spines (Fig. 3Bii). We recorded ...
spinal cord and reflexes - Sinoe Medical Association
... tract a group of fibers inside the CNS. The spinal tracts carry information up or down the spinal cord, to or from the brain. Tracts within the brain carry information from one place to another within the brain. Tracts are ...
... tract a group of fibers inside the CNS. The spinal tracts carry information up or down the spinal cord, to or from the brain. Tracts within the brain carry information from one place to another within the brain. Tracts are ...
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of
... characteristic and reliable positions of their cell bodies, as well as their intrinsic properties: recorded neurons in each class had a characteristic input resistance, resting membrane potential, and spike waveform. We were able to reliably record from midline local and projection neurons by target ...
... characteristic and reliable positions of their cell bodies, as well as their intrinsic properties: recorded neurons in each class had a characteristic input resistance, resting membrane potential, and spike waveform. We were able to reliably record from midline local and projection neurons by target ...
The Nervous System - Learning on the Loop
... Support cells for neurons that can divide Astrocytes – anchor blood vessels to nerves Microglia – act as phagocytes Oligodendrocytes – assist with production of myelin sheath © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved ...
... Support cells for neurons that can divide Astrocytes – anchor blood vessels to nerves Microglia – act as phagocytes Oligodendrocytes – assist with production of myelin sheath © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved ...
Kandel chs. 17, 18 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... amygdala in turn activates the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body for action. Finally, brain systems concerned with voluntary movement are recruited to initiate the behavior. The multisensory association areas make connections with higher-order motor centers that compute a program for movi ...
... amygdala in turn activates the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body for action. Finally, brain systems concerned with voluntary movement are recruited to initiate the behavior. The multisensory association areas make connections with higher-order motor centers that compute a program for movi ...
Document
... Research now looks at how natural opioids are produced by the brain, the pituitary gland, and other tissues in response to pain,stress, or other ...
... Research now looks at how natural opioids are produced by the brain, the pituitary gland, and other tissues in response to pain,stress, or other ...
Role of the Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus in
... warm-sensitive neurons form the predominant effector output from the preoptic region, controlling all thermoregulatory responses (i.e., heat loss, heat retention, and heat production). The majority (160%) of preoptic neurons are temperature insensitive (labeled as I in figure 3) and show little or n ...
... warm-sensitive neurons form the predominant effector output from the preoptic region, controlling all thermoregulatory responses (i.e., heat loss, heat retention, and heat production). The majority (160%) of preoptic neurons are temperature insensitive (labeled as I in figure 3) and show little or n ...
Vocal Control Neuron Incorporation Decreases with Age in the Adult
... be found at 1 and 4 months of survival, not whether the numbers of labeled neurons differed between these two survival times. Fluoro-gold labeling. Four days before being killed, birds that received [ 3H]thymidine also received 2-hydroxy-4,4⬘-diamidinostilbene (FluoroGold; Fluorochrome, Englewood, C ...
... be found at 1 and 4 months of survival, not whether the numbers of labeled neurons differed between these two survival times. Fluoro-gold labeling. Four days before being killed, birds that received [ 3H]thymidine also received 2-hydroxy-4,4⬘-diamidinostilbene (FluoroGold; Fluorochrome, Englewood, C ...
Nerve Growth Factor and Alzheimer`s Disease
... It has been considered that the high-affinity of TrkA is guaranteed by the interaction with p75, because TrkA and p75 are coexpressed in particular neurons. However, p75 is structurally belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, and has been shown to mediate cell death signals as si ...
... It has been considered that the high-affinity of TrkA is guaranteed by the interaction with p75, because TrkA and p75 are coexpressed in particular neurons. However, p75 is structurally belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, and has been shown to mediate cell death signals as si ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... molecular composition of odour eliciting a locomotory response has been studied by Visser (1976), whereas the mechanisms of host odour recognition have been analyzed by de Jong (1988). In spite of much effort spent on understanding the function of the nervous system, the brain is still a 'black box' ...
... molecular composition of odour eliciting a locomotory response has been studied by Visser (1976), whereas the mechanisms of host odour recognition have been analyzed by de Jong (1988). In spite of much effort spent on understanding the function of the nervous system, the brain is still a 'black box' ...
Synaptic Transmission 1
... of quanta. Usually, however, you cannot count quanta. Instead, you divide the average amplitude of the evoked response (epp) by the average amplitude of the mepp ...
... of quanta. Usually, however, you cannot count quanta. Instead, you divide the average amplitude of the evoked response (epp) by the average amplitude of the mepp ...
Neurons
... reached out his hand, and took hold of his wife’s head, tried to lift it off, to put it on. He had apparently mistaken his wife for a hat! His wife looked as if she was used to such things. (Sacks, 1985, p. 10) Dr. P’s odd behavior may seem amusing in some respects, but his deficits in visual percep ...
... reached out his hand, and took hold of his wife’s head, tried to lift it off, to put it on. He had apparently mistaken his wife for a hat! His wife looked as if she was used to such things. (Sacks, 1985, p. 10) Dr. P’s odd behavior may seem amusing in some respects, but his deficits in visual percep ...
Robo1 Regulates the Migration and Laminar Distribution of Upper
... Indeed, an increasing number of genes have been identified that control the early phase of radial migration (Caviness and Rakic 1978; Gupta et al. 2002; Nadarajah and Parnavelas 2002; Tsai and Gleeson 2005; Cooper 2008; Huang 2009; Honda et al. 2011). In contrast, much less is known about how the ter ...
... Indeed, an increasing number of genes have been identified that control the early phase of radial migration (Caviness and Rakic 1978; Gupta et al. 2002; Nadarajah and Parnavelas 2002; Tsai and Gleeson 2005; Cooper 2008; Huang 2009; Honda et al. 2011). In contrast, much less is known about how the ter ...
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION I Tim Murphy NRSC 500, 2011
... changing the probability of release (i.e. changing calcium concentration) does not effect the amplitude of the response (as only zero or one vesicle is released in theory). • At CNS synapses with multiple release sites, changing release probability can change the postsynaptic response amplitude as m ...
... changing the probability of release (i.e. changing calcium concentration) does not effect the amplitude of the response (as only zero or one vesicle is released in theory). • At CNS synapses with multiple release sites, changing release probability can change the postsynaptic response amplitude as m ...
to a of the units.
... of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum (which means ‘body of hardness’ in Latin) connects the two hemispheres. There are millions of nerve fibers in the adult human corpus callosum that send messages back and forth between the hemispheres. The nerve fibers in the corpus callosum allow the hemisp ...
... of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum (which means ‘body of hardness’ in Latin) connects the two hemispheres. There are millions of nerve fibers in the adult human corpus callosum that send messages back and forth between the hemispheres. The nerve fibers in the corpus callosum allow the hemisp ...
RESOURCE - Synthetic Neurobiology Group
... Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 ...
... Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 ...
Human Biology I - Control and Development
... multiple nuclei. Each muscle fiber contains myofibrils, which are made of contractile units called sarcomeres. The sarcomeres are made up of actin and myosin, which work together to shorten and contract the muscle. ...
... multiple nuclei. Each muscle fiber contains myofibrils, which are made of contractile units called sarcomeres. The sarcomeres are made up of actin and myosin, which work together to shorten and contract the muscle. ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.