Chapter 17- The Special Senses
... A) hyperopia B) myopia C) astigmatism D) astigmatism and myopia E) astigmatism and hyperopia 27) Which of the following is correct? A) Convergence refers to the type of vision resulting when both eyes focus on one set of objects. B) Binocular vision refers to medial movements that directed both eyes ...
... A) hyperopia B) myopia C) astigmatism D) astigmatism and myopia E) astigmatism and hyperopia 27) Which of the following is correct? A) Convergence refers to the type of vision resulting when both eyes focus on one set of objects. B) Binocular vision refers to medial movements that directed both eyes ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... de Puebla, Mexico, we experimentally corroborate the numerical results demonstrating that stochastic resonance phenomenon is also presented in the motor system. In chapter 3 we model the propagation of signals through the spinal cord during a motor activity. Based on previous studies, we propose a n ...
... de Puebla, Mexico, we experimentally corroborate the numerical results demonstrating that stochastic resonance phenomenon is also presented in the motor system. In chapter 3 we model the propagation of signals through the spinal cord during a motor activity. Based on previous studies, we propose a n ...
the biological perspective
... which is the part of the cell that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning. The word soma means “body.” The axon (from the Greek for “axis”) is a fiber ...
... which is the part of the cell that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning. The word soma means “body.” The axon (from the Greek for “axis”) is a fiber ...
Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels in the CNS
... Anti-Nav1.6 was used to monitor the distribution of Nav1.6 which was found to be expressed in AISs of different neurons in the neocortex, hippocampus, main olfactory bulb (MOB) and cerebellum along with other channel subunits20. Another direction of research was done to investigate the mechanism for ...
... Anti-Nav1.6 was used to monitor the distribution of Nav1.6 which was found to be expressed in AISs of different neurons in the neocortex, hippocampus, main olfactory bulb (MOB) and cerebellum along with other channel subunits20. Another direction of research was done to investigate the mechanism for ...
Physiology of muscles and nerves
... said to obey the all or none law). [3] Depolarization stage: When the membrane potential reaches the threshold level, the potential across the membrane rises suddenly and rapidly in the positive direction approaching zero or may overshoots and become positive (figure 4.3, circle 3). The cause of thi ...
... said to obey the all or none law). [3] Depolarization stage: When the membrane potential reaches the threshold level, the potential across the membrane rises suddenly and rapidly in the positive direction approaching zero or may overshoots and become positive (figure 4.3, circle 3). The cause of thi ...
Optogenetics in a transparent animal: circuit function in the larval
... visual stimuli [47]. Deep tectal layers constitute the output of the tectum and project to pre-motor areas. Excitatory neurons in deep layers receive active retinal inputs when both small and large visual stimuli are presented. On the other hand, superficial inhibitory neurons are preferentially a ...
... visual stimuli [47]. Deep tectal layers constitute the output of the tectum and project to pre-motor areas. Excitatory neurons in deep layers receive active retinal inputs when both small and large visual stimuli are presented. On the other hand, superficial inhibitory neurons are preferentially a ...
Document
... Receptor – site of stimulus Sensory neuron – transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector Effector – muscle fiber or gland that r ...
... Receptor – site of stimulus Sensory neuron – transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector Effector – muscle fiber or gland that r ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... model is therefore ideal for investigating the cognitive aspect of action or attention, but not the motivational aspect. Action is controlled by both cognition and motivation4,5, and motivational states vary considerably. The same action can lead to different reward outcomes in different behavioral ...
... model is therefore ideal for investigating the cognitive aspect of action or attention, but not the motivational aspect. Action is controlled by both cognition and motivation4,5, and motivational states vary considerably. The same action can lead to different reward outcomes in different behavioral ...
Functional Connectivity during Surround Suppression in
... calculate the functional connectivity maps during surround suppression. Naturally, the rest of the time epochs were concatenated to calculate the functional connectivity maps without surround suppression. In order to calculate the functional connectivity for these two neuronal states, we used the Vo ...
... calculate the functional connectivity maps during surround suppression. Naturally, the rest of the time epochs were concatenated to calculate the functional connectivity maps without surround suppression. In order to calculate the functional connectivity for these two neuronal states, we used the Vo ...
Estimating Fast Neural Input Using Anatomical and
... can only give causal information if the connection between source and target is directed and having a long delay. Anatomical based methods (8–10) and those that extract the activity in the synapse (12–13) can most reliably identify causal/projecting neurons. Calcium hot-spot derived post synaptic ac ...
... can only give causal information if the connection between source and target is directed and having a long delay. Anatomical based methods (8–10) and those that extract the activity in the synapse (12–13) can most reliably identify causal/projecting neurons. Calcium hot-spot derived post synaptic ac ...
Neurotransmitter Profile of Saccadic Omnipause Neurons in
... After a survival time of 17 hr the animal was killed with an overdose of Nembutal (80 mg/kg body weight) and transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline (35°C) followed by 2% PFA/l% GA in 0.1 M PB. The brain was immersed in 10% sucrose in 0.1 M PB and transferred to 30% sucrose for 4 d. The brainstem w ...
... After a survival time of 17 hr the animal was killed with an overdose of Nembutal (80 mg/kg body weight) and transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline (35°C) followed by 2% PFA/l% GA in 0.1 M PB. The brain was immersed in 10% sucrose in 0.1 M PB and transferred to 30% sucrose for 4 d. The brainstem w ...
14. Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... The spinal cord is protected by three layers of tissue, called spinal meninges, that surround the cord (Fig. 14.3): A. The dura mater is the outermost layer, and it forms a tough protective coating. Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space, called the epidural spac ...
... The spinal cord is protected by three layers of tissue, called spinal meninges, that surround the cord (Fig. 14.3): A. The dura mater is the outermost layer, and it forms a tough protective coating. Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space, called the epidural spac ...
A Monosynaptic GABAergic Input from the Inferior Colliculus to the
... 100 gm of body weight). The lateral superior colliculus, brachium of the IC (BIC), and MGB were surgically exposed by aspiration of the overlying cortex. Red tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate (TRITC) latex microspheres (Lumafluor, Naples, FL) were pressure injected by Picospritzer (General Valve, ...
... 100 gm of body weight). The lateral superior colliculus, brachium of the IC (BIC), and MGB were surgically exposed by aspiration of the overlying cortex. Red tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate (TRITC) latex microspheres (Lumafluor, Naples, FL) were pressure injected by Picospritzer (General Valve, ...
32 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 09 Small but mighty: In mice, around ten
... approximately 300 receptors found in the VNO neurons differ clearly from the olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. And, as Mombaerts’ team discovered, the axons from the VNO neurons with the same receptor do not project toward a single glomerulus in the olfactory bulb, but to 15 small glo ...
... approximately 300 receptors found in the VNO neurons differ clearly from the olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. And, as Mombaerts’ team discovered, the axons from the VNO neurons with the same receptor do not project toward a single glomerulus in the olfactory bulb, but to 15 small glo ...
ANS MCQ
... All nerves of the body present outside the brain and spinal cord comprise the … nervous system. 2- The long extensions off neuronal cell bodies that conduct impulses away from the cell body are called ….….. 3- Sensory neurons are ….. neurons, while …… neurons carry motor impulses, and the most commo ...
... All nerves of the body present outside the brain and spinal cord comprise the … nervous system. 2- The long extensions off neuronal cell bodies that conduct impulses away from the cell body are called ….….. 3- Sensory neurons are ….. neurons, while …… neurons carry motor impulses, and the most commo ...
SEGMENTATION OF NEURONS BASED ON ONE
... distribution. Hence, we randomly select 1M samples from B and fix N = 500, we set σs = 5 because it is an adequate value for the size of the histogram, k2 = 1.5k1 because it allows detection of thicker dendrites and we have experimentally estimated the relationship k1 ≈ 0.5913σ −1 used to detect str ...
... distribution. Hence, we randomly select 1M samples from B and fix N = 500, we set σs = 5 because it is an adequate value for the size of the histogram, k2 = 1.5k1 because it allows detection of thicker dendrites and we have experimentally estimated the relationship k1 ≈ 0.5913σ −1 used to detect str ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
... Currents were elicited from a holding potential of ±80 mV with voltage steps to ±20 mV (duration 5 ms, interpulse interval 4 s). The recordings are corrected for leakage currents. Action potentials were elicited from a membrane potential of ±84 to ±91 mV by current injections of 0.5 nA (duration 2 m ...
... Currents were elicited from a holding potential of ±80 mV with voltage steps to ±20 mV (duration 5 ms, interpulse interval 4 s). The recordings are corrected for leakage currents. Action potentials were elicited from a membrane potential of ±84 to ±91 mV by current injections of 0.5 nA (duration 2 m ...
Chapter 33 Nervous System
... Sound waves enter the auditory canal and cause a membrane, called the tympanum, at the end of the ear canal to vibrate. ...
... Sound waves enter the auditory canal and cause a membrane, called the tympanum, at the end of the ear canal to vibrate. ...
Dense Core Vesicle Release: Controlling the Where as
... a higher resting-state level of calcium. The DCVs once budded from the Golgi were likely to possess all the proteins required for calcium-dependent release. Thus, within the soma the DCVs could have been exposed to a high enough concentration of calcium to trigger DCV release and this must be preven ...
... a higher resting-state level of calcium. The DCVs once budded from the Golgi were likely to possess all the proteins required for calcium-dependent release. Thus, within the soma the DCVs could have been exposed to a high enough concentration of calcium to trigger DCV release and this must be preven ...
LiuPoster - Department of Mathematics
... synchrony (making the inhibitory population less synchronous), we have a balance in which the synchrony of the inhibitory neurons should not change. ...
... synchrony (making the inhibitory population less synchronous), we have a balance in which the synchrony of the inhibitory neurons should not change. ...
Central Nervous System - Spinal Cord, Spinal
... spinal cord to brain) & descending tracts (convey motor information from brain to the spinal cord). 3. The anterior white column- lies between the anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissurehas both ascending & descending tracts. ...
... spinal cord to brain) & descending tracts (convey motor information from brain to the spinal cord). 3. The anterior white column- lies between the anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissurehas both ascending & descending tracts. ...
video slide
... salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a cell. A voltage recorder (usually an oscilloscope or a computer-based system) measures the ...
... salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a cell. A voltage recorder (usually an oscilloscope or a computer-based system) measures the ...
Enhanced intrinsic excitability and EPSP
... alone or if intrinsic plasticity, such as strengthening of E-S coupling, also plays a role. ...
... alone or if intrinsic plasticity, such as strengthening of E-S coupling, also plays a role. ...
Nervous System - s3.amazonaws.com
... Cauda Equina – include the lumbar and sacral nerves – extend from spinal cord through the spinal cavity before exiting through tiny holes in the vertebrae (foramina) Spinal nerve plexus – when nerve fibers converge after exiting the vertebral column to form a network (plexus) Cervical Plexus ( ...
... Cauda Equina – include the lumbar and sacral nerves – extend from spinal cord through the spinal cavity before exiting through tiny holes in the vertebrae (foramina) Spinal nerve plexus – when nerve fibers converge after exiting the vertebral column to form a network (plexus) Cervical Plexus ( ...
Document
... Each one of its billions of cells performs some activity that is a part of this function. Control of the body’s billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide communication systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system. Both systems transmit information from one part of the ...
... Each one of its billions of cells performs some activity that is a part of this function. Control of the body’s billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide communication systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system. Both systems transmit information from one part of the ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.