Nervous System - Neuron and Nerve Impulse PowerPoint
... Structure of Neurons – Neurons may have dozens of dendrites, but usually they have only one axon. – In most animals, axons and dendrites of different neurons are clustered into bundles of fibers called nerves. – Some nerves contain fibers from only a few neurons, but others contain hundreds or even ...
... Structure of Neurons – Neurons may have dozens of dendrites, but usually they have only one axon. – In most animals, axons and dendrites of different neurons are clustered into bundles of fibers called nerves. – Some nerves contain fibers from only a few neurons, but others contain hundreds or even ...
PDF Document
... In Xenopus leavis oocytes we co-expressed CsR with each of three different rat acid-sensing ion channels ASIC1a, ASIC2a or ASIC3. These channels are characterized by steep pH-dependence of the proton-activated currents below physiological pH17,30,42. Immediately after light onset we observed a small ...
... In Xenopus leavis oocytes we co-expressed CsR with each of three different rat acid-sensing ion channels ASIC1a, ASIC2a or ASIC3. These channels are characterized by steep pH-dependence of the proton-activated currents below physiological pH17,30,42. Immediately after light onset we observed a small ...
Nervous System - Princeton ISD
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
The Hexose-Proton Cotransport System of Chlorella pH
... system increases, so that at pH 6.9 half of each is present. Both uptake activities, expressed in percent of maximal uptake activity at optimal conditions, add up to 100% at all pH values tested (Fig. 5). Algae, which had not been induced for the hexose uptake system by incubation with glucose, show ...
... system increases, so that at pH 6.9 half of each is present. Both uptake activities, expressed in percent of maximal uptake activity at optimal conditions, add up to 100% at all pH values tested (Fig. 5). Algae, which had not been induced for the hexose uptake system by incubation with glucose, show ...
Exocytosis through the lens
... membrane SNAREs, syntaxin, and SNAP-25 are not uniformly distributed over the plasma membrane, but instead are observed to exists in a clustered morphology (13, 48–53). These studies used diffraction-limited techniques and largely agreed that clusters were of the order of 200 nm in diameter. It is i ...
... membrane SNAREs, syntaxin, and SNAP-25 are not uniformly distributed over the plasma membrane, but instead are observed to exists in a clustered morphology (13, 48–53). These studies used diffraction-limited techniques and largely agreed that clusters were of the order of 200 nm in diameter. It is i ...
Intracellular calcium concentration and calcium transport in
... abundant supply of Ca-ATPase and are presumably capable of extruding more calcium. In view of the fact that this represents an unexpectedly high value for free calcium in the rabbit lens, we carried out calcium measurements under different conditions. Also, since the measurement of calcium-sensitive ...
... abundant supply of Ca-ATPase and are presumably capable of extruding more calcium. In view of the fact that this represents an unexpectedly high value for free calcium in the rabbit lens, we carried out calcium measurements under different conditions. Also, since the measurement of calcium-sensitive ...
Neurotransmitter Function
... This potential is about -70mV. The potential fluctuates depending on the flow and concentration of ions inside and outside the cell. • depolarized or hyperpolarized ...
... This potential is about -70mV. The potential fluctuates depending on the flow and concentration of ions inside and outside the cell. • depolarized or hyperpolarized ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... terminal into the synaptic cleft. As soon as transmitter molecules have reached the postsynaptic side, they will be detected by specialized receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane and open (either directly or via a biochemical signaling chain) specific channels so that ions from the extracellula ...
... terminal into the synaptic cleft. As soon as transmitter molecules have reached the postsynaptic side, they will be detected by specialized receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane and open (either directly or via a biochemical signaling chain) specific channels so that ions from the extracellula ...
Chapter 17- The Special Senses
... A) develops during the embryonic period and is not replaced. B) is found only in the posterior chamber of the eye. C) accumulates “floaters” as a person ages. D) nourishes the cornea and the lens. E) holds the retina against the choroid. 25) Which of the following is NOT correct? A) The cornea and t ...
... A) develops during the embryonic period and is not replaced. B) is found only in the posterior chamber of the eye. C) accumulates “floaters” as a person ages. D) nourishes the cornea and the lens. E) holds the retina against the choroid. 25) Which of the following is NOT correct? A) The cornea and t ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... potentials. Bicuculline (50 M) was included in the external solution to block inhibitory synaptic potentials. In response to stimulation, depolarizing potentials or inward currents were observed in most of the neurons examined (n ⫽ 32/41). Stimulation at sites rostrolateral to the STN failed to evo ...
... potentials. Bicuculline (50 M) was included in the external solution to block inhibitory synaptic potentials. In response to stimulation, depolarizing potentials or inward currents were observed in most of the neurons examined (n ⫽ 32/41). Stimulation at sites rostrolateral to the STN failed to evo ...
Formation of Complement Membrane Attack Complex in Mammalian
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
J Comp Physiol (1982) 149: 179 193
... neurons in the vicinity. (d) Different pathways between photoreceptors, and an interneuron under investigation may be revealed by impulse responses consisting of several excitatory and/or inhibitory waves. Impulse responses of VS-cells were recorded in 29 penetrations. The responses are very similar ...
... neurons in the vicinity. (d) Different pathways between photoreceptors, and an interneuron under investigation may be revealed by impulse responses consisting of several excitatory and/or inhibitory waves. Impulse responses of VS-cells were recorded in 29 penetrations. The responses are very similar ...
Does the Conventional Leaky Integrate-and
... distribution (a pulse packet) as an input to a pulse generating neuron (or neuron pool) and investigating the spike response of the neuron (or neuron pool). It showed that the temporal variance of the spike response is less than the temporal variance of the input pulse packet in time, i.e. the outpu ...
... distribution (a pulse packet) as an input to a pulse generating neuron (or neuron pool) and investigating the spike response of the neuron (or neuron pool). It showed that the temporal variance of the spike response is less than the temporal variance of the input pulse packet in time, i.e. the outpu ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... might change because of changes in the phosphorylation state of the channels (although ATP was included in the internal solution to minimize such changes) or other consequences of dialysis. To evaluate this issue, in early exploratory experiments, we measured potassium currents from dendrites in the ...
... might change because of changes in the phosphorylation state of the channels (although ATP was included in the internal solution to minimize such changes) or other consequences of dialysis. To evaluate this issue, in early exploratory experiments, we measured potassium currents from dendrites in the ...
Thermal impact on spiking properties in Hodgkin–Huxley neuron
... where T0 denotes the reference temperature at which the original electrophysiological experiment for model construction is done. (T0 = 6.3◦ C in this study for the HH system, see ref. [4]). To mimic these two effects of temperature on the HH system, the time constants of gating variables, τ s, in eq ...
... where T0 denotes the reference temperature at which the original electrophysiological experiment for model construction is done. (T0 = 6.3◦ C in this study for the HH system, see ref. [4]). To mimic these two effects of temperature on the HH system, the time constants of gating variables, τ s, in eq ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... tree and on the electrical properties of its membrane and cytoplasm? This question is a fundamental one; its answer will provide the understanding of how the various synaptic inputs that are distributed over the dendritic tree interact in time and in space to determine the input-output properties of ...
... tree and on the electrical properties of its membrane and cytoplasm? This question is a fundamental one; its answer will provide the understanding of how the various synaptic inputs that are distributed over the dendritic tree interact in time and in space to determine the input-output properties of ...
Integrate-and-Fire Neurons and Networks
... Third, how rapidly does the population activity A(t) respond to changes in the input? An analysis of (7) shows that the response time is not limited by the membrane time constant of the neurons, but can be much faster (Gerstner, 2000). The fast response is due to the fact that, during spontaneous ac ...
... Third, how rapidly does the population activity A(t) respond to changes in the input? An analysis of (7) shows that the response time is not limited by the membrane time constant of the neurons, but can be much faster (Gerstner, 2000). The fast response is due to the fact that, during spontaneous ac ...
Ch 12
... Diversity in Neurons • Both structural and functional features are used to classify the various neurons in the body. • On the basis of the number of processes extending from the cell body (structure), neurons are classified as multipolar, biopolar, and unipolar (Figure 12.4). • Most neurons in the ...
... Diversity in Neurons • Both structural and functional features are used to classify the various neurons in the body. • On the basis of the number of processes extending from the cell body (structure), neurons are classified as multipolar, biopolar, and unipolar (Figure 12.4). • Most neurons in the ...
Chapter 3
... Diversity in Neurons • Both structural and functional features are used to classify the various neurons in the body. • On the basis of the number of processes extending from the cell body (structure), neurons are classified as multipolar, biopolar, and unipolar (Figure 12.4). • Most neurons in the ...
... Diversity in Neurons • Both structural and functional features are used to classify the various neurons in the body. • On the basis of the number of processes extending from the cell body (structure), neurons are classified as multipolar, biopolar, and unipolar (Figure 12.4). • Most neurons in the ...
Fundamentals of the Nervous System, Part 2
... • Repeated use increases the efficiency of neurotransmission • Ca2+ concentration increases in presynaptic terminal and ostsynaptic neuron • Brief high-frequency stimulation partially depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron – Chemically gated channels (NMDA receptors) allow Ca2+ entry – Ca2+ activates k ...
... • Repeated use increases the efficiency of neurotransmission • Ca2+ concentration increases in presynaptic terminal and ostsynaptic neuron • Brief high-frequency stimulation partially depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron – Chemically gated channels (NMDA receptors) allow Ca2+ entry – Ca2+ activates k ...
Hearing in a diurnal, mute butterfly, Morpho peleides
... Butterflies use visual and chemical cues when interacting with their environment, but the role of hearing is poorly understood in these insects. Nymphalidae (brush-footed) butterflies occur worldwide in almost all habitats and continents, and comprise more than 6,000 species. In many species a unique ...
... Butterflies use visual and chemical cues when interacting with their environment, but the role of hearing is poorly understood in these insects. Nymphalidae (brush-footed) butterflies occur worldwide in almost all habitats and continents, and comprise more than 6,000 species. In many species a unique ...
Uses of Genomic Information in the Diagnosis of Disease Bethany
... • Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the nerve cytoplasm – Sodium ions cannot flow in, so potassium ions cannot flow out, thereby preventing the depolarization of the nerve. ...
... • Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the nerve cytoplasm – Sodium ions cannot flow in, so potassium ions cannot flow out, thereby preventing the depolarization of the nerve. ...
optical imaging and control of genetically designated neurons in
... recording site. The observable voltage or current waveforms are composites shaped by many variables that can neither be directly observed nor reliably inferred: the locations, time courses, and magnitudes of individual synaptic potentials or currents, for example, or the active conductances and pass ...
... recording site. The observable voltage or current waveforms are composites shaped by many variables that can neither be directly observed nor reliably inferred: the locations, time courses, and magnitudes of individual synaptic potentials or currents, for example, or the active conductances and pass ...
E3R Game 1 Order That Student Copy
... Students must place the following activities in the correct chronological order: Transmission across a Synaptic Cleft: A. Receptors are ligand gated sodium ion channels which allow Na+ to enter the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle ...
... Students must place the following activities in the correct chronological order: Transmission across a Synaptic Cleft: A. Receptors are ligand gated sodium ion channels which allow Na+ to enter the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle ...
Gain-of-function mutation in Nav 1.7 in familial
... mm) DRG neurons which include nociceptors. Resting potential was similar (P > 0.05) in DRG neurons transfected with F1449V (-51.3 +/- 1.6 mV; n = 19) and with wild type (-49.0 +/- 1.3 mV; n = 16). To eliminate cell-to-cell variations, cells were held at -60 mV. Nav1.7 is important in early phases o ...
... mm) DRG neurons which include nociceptors. Resting potential was similar (P > 0.05) in DRG neurons transfected with F1449V (-51.3 +/- 1.6 mV; n = 19) and with wild type (-49.0 +/- 1.3 mV; n = 16). To eliminate cell-to-cell variations, cells were held at -60 mV. Nav1.7 is important in early phases o ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).