The neuroepithelial basement membrane serves as a boundary and
... the fast, posterior phase of migration, suggesting that they may have contacted the basement membrane before we began recording. In many migratory cell types, such as wound-edge astrocytes and fibroblasts [12,21] or migrating cortical neurons [22], the centrosome localizes between the nucleus and th ...
... the fast, posterior phase of migration, suggesting that they may have contacted the basement membrane before we began recording. In many migratory cell types, such as wound-edge astrocytes and fibroblasts [12,21] or migrating cortical neurons [22], the centrosome localizes between the nucleus and th ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... Excitatory postsynaptic potential ...
... Excitatory postsynaptic potential ...
Raven Ch
... d. repolarization The correct answer is a—temporal summation A. Answer a is correct. Temporal summation is the term used to describe a change in the timing of firing of the presynaptic cell. The correct answer is a— B. Answer b is incorrect. Spatial summation describes the effect of multiple presyna ...
... d. repolarization The correct answer is a—temporal summation A. Answer a is correct. Temporal summation is the term used to describe a change in the timing of firing of the presynaptic cell. The correct answer is a— B. Answer b is incorrect. Spatial summation describes the effect of multiple presyna ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
Read as PDF
... that receives chemical synaptic input. Previously we demonstrated that the somatic membrane potential determines spike propagation within B21. Namely, B21 must be centrally depolarized if spikes are to propagate to an output process. We now demonstrate that this will occur with central depolarizatio ...
... that receives chemical synaptic input. Previously we demonstrated that the somatic membrane potential determines spike propagation within B21. Namely, B21 must be centrally depolarized if spikes are to propagate to an output process. We now demonstrate that this will occur with central depolarizatio ...
Temporal Sequence Detection with Spiking Neurons: Towards
... active dendrites and dynamic synapses in an integrated model. For a long time, dendrites have been thought to be the structures where complex neuronal computation takes place, but only recently have we begun to understand how they operate. The dendrites do not simply collect and pass synaptic inputs ...
... active dendrites and dynamic synapses in an integrated model. For a long time, dendrites have been thought to be the structures where complex neuronal computation takes place, but only recently have we begun to understand how they operate. The dendrites do not simply collect and pass synaptic inputs ...
Muscular System
... involuntary muscle contraction (shivering), can increase thermogenesis by several 100%. Smooth muscle in arteriole wall will contract to conserve heat and relax to increase blood flow to the skin and remove heat from the body. ...
... involuntary muscle contraction (shivering), can increase thermogenesis by several 100%. Smooth muscle in arteriole wall will contract to conserve heat and relax to increase blood flow to the skin and remove heat from the body. ...
An Intrinsic Oscillation in Interneurons of the Rat Lateral Geniculate
... coexisting with an oscillatory mode (Fig. 3B) that could be obtained with slightly different holding potentials or depolarizing plateaus. In most interneurons, however, no tonic firing was seen. In three oscillating interneurons, a large variety of protocols was used in an attempt to elicit tonic sp ...
... coexisting with an oscillatory mode (Fig. 3B) that could be obtained with slightly different holding potentials or depolarizing plateaus. In most interneurons, however, no tonic firing was seen. In three oscillating interneurons, a large variety of protocols was used in an attempt to elicit tonic sp ...
Fine Gating Properties of Channels Responsible for Persistent
... point as close as possible to the tip, so as to minimize stray pipette capacitance. After obtaining the cell-attached configuration, the extracellular perfusion was switched to a high-potassium solution containing: 140 K-acetate, 5 NaCl, 10 HEPES (free acid), 4 MgCl2, 0.2 CdCl2, 25 glucose, pH 7.4 w ...
... point as close as possible to the tip, so as to minimize stray pipette capacitance. After obtaining the cell-attached configuration, the extracellular perfusion was switched to a high-potassium solution containing: 140 K-acetate, 5 NaCl, 10 HEPES (free acid), 4 MgCl2, 0.2 CdCl2, 25 glucose, pH 7.4 w ...
Cells of the Nervous System
... nature of the action potential, it is time to describe the ways in which neurons can communicate with each other. These communications make it possible for circuits of neurons to gather sensory information, make plans, and initiate behaviors via ...
... nature of the action potential, it is time to describe the ways in which neurons can communicate with each other. These communications make it possible for circuits of neurons to gather sensory information, make plans, and initiate behaviors via ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... monoamines, GABA and glycine are also coupled to the movement of Cl 2 into the cell, while excitatory amino acid transporters are dependent on external H 1 and internal K 1 levels, but not that of Cl 2 . The movement of ions and transmitter during uptake occurs in a defined ratio, with one to several ...
... monoamines, GABA and glycine are also coupled to the movement of Cl 2 into the cell, while excitatory amino acid transporters are dependent on external H 1 and internal K 1 levels, but not that of Cl 2 . The movement of ions and transmitter during uptake occurs in a defined ratio, with one to several ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... necessary to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio was minimized by using a shutter (Vincent Assoc., Rochester, NY). A second photodiode in the transmitted light path provided a reference signal for an analog automatic gain-tracking reference subtraction circuit, which eliminated lamp noise from the o ...
... necessary to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio was minimized by using a shutter (Vincent Assoc., Rochester, NY). A second photodiode in the transmitted light path provided a reference signal for an analog automatic gain-tracking reference subtraction circuit, which eliminated lamp noise from the o ...
File
... ____ 19. Under which of the following conditions would the medulla oblongata respond? a. when a person is choking b. when a person is kicking a soccer ball c. when a person is watching a television show d. when a person is performing a math calculation ____ 20. Which of the following conditions woul ...
... ____ 19. Under which of the following conditions would the medulla oblongata respond? a. when a person is choking b. when a person is kicking a soccer ball c. when a person is watching a television show d. when a person is performing a math calculation ____ 20. Which of the following conditions woul ...
Dendritic Signal Integration
... electron microscopy provides the best way of determining which molecules are expressed in dendrites, as opposed to the presynaptic and glial structures that are closely associated with dendrites. Dendritic physiology has primarily been studied in vitro using sharp-microelectrode or patch-clamp recor ...
... electron microscopy provides the best way of determining which molecules are expressed in dendrites, as opposed to the presynaptic and glial structures that are closely associated with dendrites. Dendritic physiology has primarily been studied in vitro using sharp-microelectrode or patch-clamp recor ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... axon and measured the resulting changes in the membrane conductance to Na+ and K+ through voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. To do this they made use of a new apparatus, the voltage clamp. Prior to the availability of the voltage-clamp technique, attempts to measure Na+ and K+ conductance as a funct ...
... axon and measured the resulting changes in the membrane conductance to Na+ and K+ through voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. To do this they made use of a new apparatus, the voltage clamp. Prior to the availability of the voltage-clamp technique, attempts to measure Na+ and K+ conductance as a funct ...
THE NEURON
... As an impulse moves along the axon, it jumps from one node to the next. This causes an impulse to travel faster than it would without a myelin sheath. ...
... As an impulse moves along the axon, it jumps from one node to the next. This causes an impulse to travel faster than it would without a myelin sheath. ...
Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in
... The series of experiments reported in that paper was aimed at determining whether cell bodies or axons (either axonal branches or axon initial segments) are the presynaptic elements activated by extracellular electrical stimulation when it is used to produce a postsynaptic potential. The identificat ...
... The series of experiments reported in that paper was aimed at determining whether cell bodies or axons (either axonal branches or axon initial segments) are the presynaptic elements activated by extracellular electrical stimulation when it is used to produce a postsynaptic potential. The identificat ...
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
... (containing the right auditory cortex) facing the blade. Wholebrain slices were cut starting from the ventral surface of the brain. As auditory cortex, localized relative to surface blood vessel patterns and the rhinal fissure, was approached during slicing, a thick bundle of white matter running fr ...
... (containing the right auditory cortex) facing the blade. Wholebrain slices were cut starting from the ventral surface of the brain. As auditory cortex, localized relative to surface blood vessel patterns and the rhinal fissure, was approached during slicing, a thick bundle of white matter running fr ...
1From neuronal activity to scalp potential fields - Assets
... individual spikes or action potentials propagating along the axons, and more generally electric events in white matter structures such as large fiber bundles, can be neglected as direct EEG generators. A possible exception are very small (< 0.5 µV), fast (latency under 20 ms), high frequency oscilla ...
... individual spikes or action potentials propagating along the axons, and more generally electric events in white matter structures such as large fiber bundles, can be neglected as direct EEG generators. A possible exception are very small (< 0.5 µV), fast (latency under 20 ms), high frequency oscilla ...
physiological reviews
... also, but it now seems (45, 152, 219, 218) that endolymph contains no more protein than cerebrospinal fluid, and that perilymph may contain twice as much. The perilymphatic space communicates with the cerebrospinal space by the cochlear aqueduct and by perineural and perivascular spaces in the inter ...
... also, but it now seems (45, 152, 219, 218) that endolymph contains no more protein than cerebrospinal fluid, and that perilymph may contain twice as much. The perilymphatic space communicates with the cerebrospinal space by the cochlear aqueduct and by perineural and perivascular spaces in the inter ...
EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKM 1p ON JSOLATED RAT
... changes. The induction of the febrile response is one of the most weli-known examples of these œntral changes. To effecüvely promote this response, the immune system must interact with both the nervous and endocrine systems in an efficient and cooperative manner. They must bring about the appropriat ...
... changes. The induction of the febrile response is one of the most weli-known examples of these œntral changes. To effecüvely promote this response, the immune system must interact with both the nervous and endocrine systems in an efficient and cooperative manner. They must bring about the appropriat ...
08_NervousSystem
... • If Na+ channels open positive charges enter cell membrane potential becomes more (+). (This is called depolarization.) • If K+ channels open positive charges leave cell membrane potential becomes more (-). (This is called hyperpolarization.) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publis ...
... • If Na+ channels open positive charges enter cell membrane potential becomes more (+). (This is called depolarization.) • If K+ channels open positive charges leave cell membrane potential becomes more (-). (This is called hyperpolarization.) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publis ...
How Do Neurons Communicate?
... granular substances in the terminal, which are vesicles containing the neurotransmitter. The dark band of material just inside the dendrite provides the receptors for the neurotransmitter. The terminal and the dendrite are separated by a small space. The drawing in Figure 5-4 illustrates the three m ...
... granular substances in the terminal, which are vesicles containing the neurotransmitter. The dark band of material just inside the dendrite provides the receptors for the neurotransmitter. The terminal and the dendrite are separated by a small space. The drawing in Figure 5-4 illustrates the three m ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).