Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... anesthetized with chloralose and four with alphaxolone/alphadolone (Saffan, Glaxo). Chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg iv) was preceded by ketamine (50 mg im) and supplemented with intravenous pentobarbital sodium as necessary. Animals that received Saffan anesthesia (12–18 mg/kg iv) were first tranqui ...
... anesthetized with chloralose and four with alphaxolone/alphadolone (Saffan, Glaxo). Chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg iv) was preceded by ketamine (50 mg im) and supplemented with intravenous pentobarbital sodium as necessary. Animals that received Saffan anesthesia (12–18 mg/kg iv) were first tranqui ...
Disorders of Acid
... the control of CO2 by the respiratory system. Excess CO2 or excess H+ ions in the blood mainly act directly on the respiratory center in the brain to control ventilation. Although H+ ions do not easily cross the blood–brain barrier, CO2 crosses with ease and in the process reacts with water to form ...
... the control of CO2 by the respiratory system. Excess CO2 or excess H+ ions in the blood mainly act directly on the respiratory center in the brain to control ventilation. Although H+ ions do not easily cross the blood–brain barrier, CO2 crosses with ease and in the process reacts with water to form ...
Article Full Text PDF
... Fig. 1B). The M-cells are bilateral, located in the medulla under the cerebellum (C) and behind the optic tectum (OT) near the point of entry of the VIIIth nerve. They have two principal dendrites, one lateral and one ventral. As in other teleosts (Zottoli, 1978) their axon crosses the midline, turn ...
... Fig. 1B). The M-cells are bilateral, located in the medulla under the cerebellum (C) and behind the optic tectum (OT) near the point of entry of the VIIIth nerve. They have two principal dendrites, one lateral and one ventral. As in other teleosts (Zottoli, 1978) their axon crosses the midline, turn ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... As mentioned above, the nonlinearity of the dendritic integration can be triggered by temporally synchronous synaptic input patterns. The nonlinearity we discuss in this paper is due to the NMDA channels. The state of these channels are controlled not only by the presence or absence of the agonist ( ...
... As mentioned above, the nonlinearity of the dendritic integration can be triggered by temporally synchronous synaptic input patterns. The nonlinearity we discuss in this paper is due to the NMDA channels. The state of these channels are controlled not only by the presence or absence of the agonist ( ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... and contact several hundreds of target neurons locally or distally. But, the function of the axon is not purely limited to the conduction of the action potential from the site of initiation near the cell body to the terminal. Recent experimental findings shed new light on the functional and computat ...
... and contact several hundreds of target neurons locally or distally. But, the function of the axon is not purely limited to the conduction of the action potential from the site of initiation near the cell body to the terminal. Recent experimental findings shed new light on the functional and computat ...
Physiology 27 [5-11
... o Assumes substance is freely filtered and not bound to plasma proteins Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption are large (relative to urinary excretion) so small changes in either effect urine volume greatly o Glomerular filtration is not selective (all solutes except plasma proteins filtere ...
... o Assumes substance is freely filtered and not bound to plasma proteins Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption are large (relative to urinary excretion) so small changes in either effect urine volume greatly o Glomerular filtration is not selective (all solutes except plasma proteins filtere ...
show - FACETS Project
... This report is dedicated to the study of nonlinear bidimensional neuron models, which from a mathematical point of view are hybrid dynamical systems, i.e. whose dynamics is defined by a continuous-time dynamical system modelling the subthreshold behavior of the neuron, coupled with a discrete dynami ...
... This report is dedicated to the study of nonlinear bidimensional neuron models, which from a mathematical point of view are hybrid dynamical systems, i.e. whose dynamics is defined by a continuous-time dynamical system modelling the subthreshold behavior of the neuron, coupled with a discrete dynami ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... brief negative suction. After obtaining a stable current-clamp recording, positive and negative current steps (2 s) were applied to characterize membrane properties, and then serotonin was applied to characterize cellular activity during fictive vocalizations (see below). In some neurons, voltage-cl ...
... brief negative suction. After obtaining a stable current-clamp recording, positive and negative current steps (2 s) were applied to characterize membrane properties, and then serotonin was applied to characterize cellular activity during fictive vocalizations (see below). In some neurons, voltage-cl ...
Slide 1
... *There are as many as 10,000 specific types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human brain. Mainlly they can be coarsely classified in: motor neurons (for conveying motor information), sensory neurons (for conveying sensory information), and interneurons (which convey information betw ...
... *There are as many as 10,000 specific types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human brain. Mainlly they can be coarsely classified in: motor neurons (for conveying motor information), sensory neurons (for conveying sensory information), and interneurons (which convey information betw ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... through an entire ganglion were usually 4 –5 m apart, whereas highmagnification steps through the STG, nerves, and neurons were usually 0.5–2 m. The thickness of slices was estimated for all objectives by measuring 2, 3, and 15 m fluorescent beads under coverslips at the appropriate aperture and ...
... through an entire ganglion were usually 4 –5 m apart, whereas highmagnification steps through the STG, nerves, and neurons were usually 0.5–2 m. The thickness of slices was estimated for all objectives by measuring 2, 3, and 15 m fluorescent beads under coverslips at the appropriate aperture and ...
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM
... A) effect on bone: parathyroid hormone has two separate effect on bone in causing absorption of calcium and phosphate. 1.a very rapid phase that takes place in minutes and results from activation of the already existing bone cells(osteoclast) to promote calcium and phosphate absorption. 2. a slower ...
... A) effect on bone: parathyroid hormone has two separate effect on bone in causing absorption of calcium and phosphate. 1.a very rapid phase that takes place in minutes and results from activation of the already existing bone cells(osteoclast) to promote calcium and phosphate absorption. 2. a slower ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of action potential generation, its impact on extracellular field and local network establishme ...
... malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of action potential generation, its impact on extracellular field and local network establishme ...
increase in osmiophilia of axonal membranes of crayfish as a result
... every -0 .1 µ, forming complex lattices . At their points of connection the tubules enlarge into spherical cavities --500 A in diameter . The membranes of the tubules are continuous with the cell membrane, and the lumen of the channel system is open to the extracellular space on both sides of the ce ...
... every -0 .1 µ, forming complex lattices . At their points of connection the tubules enlarge into spherical cavities --500 A in diameter . The membranes of the tubules are continuous with the cell membrane, and the lumen of the channel system is open to the extracellular space on both sides of the ce ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... Fig. 1A. The agonist-induced current was measured at different command potentials between ⫺90 and ⫺20 mV. After correction for access resistance, current–voltage (I–V) relationships before and during the GABA response revealed the GABA reversal potential (EGABA, Fig. 1B, 4). The mean EGABA was ⫺71.2 ...
... Fig. 1A. The agonist-induced current was measured at different command potentials between ⫺90 and ⫺20 mV. After correction for access resistance, current–voltage (I–V) relationships before and during the GABA response revealed the GABA reversal potential (EGABA, Fig. 1B, 4). The mean EGABA was ⫺71.2 ...
PDF - Department of Molecular Biology
... Endophilin mutations altering membrane tubulation activity produce corresponding defects in SV endocytosis in vivo, consistent with the membrane-bending model. These results also suggest that decreased and increased membrane-bending activity are both detrimental to SV endocytosis. Specificity of the ...
... Endophilin mutations altering membrane tubulation activity produce corresponding defects in SV endocytosis in vivo, consistent with the membrane-bending model. These results also suggest that decreased and increased membrane-bending activity are both detrimental to SV endocytosis. Specificity of the ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... Deuchars, Susan A., K. Michael Spyer, and Michael P. Gilbey. Stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla can evoke monosynaptic GABAergic IPSPs in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic ...
... Deuchars, Susan A., K. Michael Spyer, and Michael P. Gilbey. Stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla can evoke monosynaptic GABAergic IPSPs in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... somatodendritic region after synapse stimulation is called a postsynaptic potential (PSP). Axons also require a fast electric signal transfer, however since axons can be much longer than dendrites this transfer must be more faithful and stronger. Therefore axons have a system that boots the electric ...
... somatodendritic region after synapse stimulation is called a postsynaptic potential (PSP). Axons also require a fast electric signal transfer, however since axons can be much longer than dendrites this transfer must be more faithful and stronger. Therefore axons have a system that boots the electric ...
Renal blood flow (RBF)
... •1.The myogenic hypothesis: When systemic arterial pressure increases RBF, the afferent arterioles are stretched. This stretch stimulates them to contract increasing their resistance and maintaining a constant RBF. If RBF decreased, then the opposite would occur. •2. Tubuloglomerular feedback involv ...
... •1.The myogenic hypothesis: When systemic arterial pressure increases RBF, the afferent arterioles are stretched. This stretch stimulates them to contract increasing their resistance and maintaining a constant RBF. If RBF decreased, then the opposite would occur. •2. Tubuloglomerular feedback involv ...
Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... time window is set by the experimenter and depends on the type of neuron recorded from and the stimulus . In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This d ...
... time window is set by the experimenter and depends on the type of neuron recorded from and the stimulus . In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This d ...
A Simple Biophysically Plausible Model for Long Time
... decays, but also drives the CAN current which depolarizes the cell causing a spike that brings more calcium in the cell effectively prolonging the calcium decay. The rate of the decay is mediated through several mechanisms (Fig. 2a). Stage 1: Stimulus causes calcium accumulation. We start from the m ...
... decays, but also drives the CAN current which depolarizes the cell causing a spike that brings more calcium in the cell effectively prolonging the calcium decay. The rate of the decay is mediated through several mechanisms (Fig. 2a). Stage 1: Stimulus causes calcium accumulation. We start from the m ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... information about subthreshold variations in neuronal membrane potential, it is necessary to use intracellular recording methods. In addition, intracellular recording has the added advantage that it allows subsequent morphological identification of the recorded neuron. However, intracellular recordi ...
... information about subthreshold variations in neuronal membrane potential, it is necessary to use intracellular recording methods. In addition, intracellular recording has the added advantage that it allows subsequent morphological identification of the recorded neuron. However, intracellular recordi ...
Aggregation of Sodium Channels during Development and
... membrane potential of the patch more negative than that of the cell. This “holding potential” was applied for several minutes before recording in order to remove slow inactivation of NaChs (Almers et al., 1983). Depolarizing pulses (4 msec) of different step sizes were then applied until the maximum ...
... membrane potential of the patch more negative than that of the cell. This “holding potential” was applied for several minutes before recording in order to remove slow inactivation of NaChs (Almers et al., 1983). Depolarizing pulses (4 msec) of different step sizes were then applied until the maximum ...
Spike train propagation in the axon of a visual interneuron,... Locusta migratoria
... signaling is an adaptive response to conserve energy in times of limiting oxygen. Action potentials, such as those seen in axons, are required to send information over long distances. Action potentials are required to threshold out the noise, which would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential ov ...
... signaling is an adaptive response to conserve energy in times of limiting oxygen. Action potentials, such as those seen in axons, are required to send information over long distances. Action potentials are required to threshold out the noise, which would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential ov ...
Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory at the AIS?
... Despite the seemingly ideal positioning of GABAergic synapses on the AIS for inhibition, the actions of GABA directly depend on the balance of intracellular and extracellular chloride concentration. High levels of extracellular chloride cause it to rush into the cell upon GABA activation whereas ...
... Despite the seemingly ideal positioning of GABAergic synapses on the AIS for inhibition, the actions of GABA directly depend on the balance of intracellular and extracellular chloride concentration. High levels of extracellular chloride cause it to rush into the cell upon GABA activation whereas ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).