Physiology 441 - West Virginia University
... • Chloride moves via electrical gradient that was established by Na+ • Sodium creates an osmotic gradient for the passive reabsorption of H2O via osmosis ...
... • Chloride moves via electrical gradient that was established by Na+ • Sodium creates an osmotic gradient for the passive reabsorption of H2O via osmosis ...
Nervous System
... • Potassium (K+) ions are the major __________ positive ions (cations) and pass through the membrane easier than sodium; therefore, potassium major contributor to membrane polarization. • Sodium (Na+) ions are the major _________ positive ions (cations). • This distribution is largely created by the ...
... • Potassium (K+) ions are the major __________ positive ions (cations) and pass through the membrane easier than sodium; therefore, potassium major contributor to membrane polarization. • Sodium (Na+) ions are the major _________ positive ions (cations). • This distribution is largely created by the ...
RH Ettinger - Test Bank 1
... a. electrostatic pressure forcing it in equals the diffusion pressure forcing it out. b. diffusion pressure forcing it in equals the electrostatic pressure forcing it out. c. hydrostatic pressure forcing it in equals the electrostatic pressure forcing it out. d. it is equally concentrated inside and ...
... a. electrostatic pressure forcing it in equals the diffusion pressure forcing it out. b. diffusion pressure forcing it in equals the electrostatic pressure forcing it out. c. hydrostatic pressure forcing it in equals the electrostatic pressure forcing it out. d. it is equally concentrated inside and ...
35 | the nervous system
... the integrated signal to specialized endings called axon terminals. These terminals in turn synapse on other neurons, muscle, or target organs. Chemicals released at axon terminals allow signals to be communicated to these other cells. Neurons usually have one or two axons, but some neurons, like am ...
... the integrated signal to specialized endings called axon terminals. These terminals in turn synapse on other neurons, muscle, or target organs. Chemicals released at axon terminals allow signals to be communicated to these other cells. Neurons usually have one or two axons, but some neurons, like am ...
Neurons and Nervous Tissue
... Potassium channels are open in the resting membrane and are highly permeable to K+ ions. K+ ions diffuse out of the cell along the concentration gradient and leave behind negative charges within the cell. K+ ions diffuse back into the cell because of the negative electrical potential. ...
... Potassium channels are open in the resting membrane and are highly permeable to K+ ions. K+ ions diffuse out of the cell along the concentration gradient and leave behind negative charges within the cell. K+ ions diffuse back into the cell because of the negative electrical potential. ...
Exam II Questions / Answers
... In motor neurons, the nerve impulse is generated at the junction of the axon hillock and axon (trigger zone) and conducted along the axon to the axon terminals which are the secretory regions of the neuron ...
... In motor neurons, the nerve impulse is generated at the junction of the axon hillock and axon (trigger zone) and conducted along the axon to the axon terminals which are the secretory regions of the neuron ...
Vestibular System
... Vestibular syndrome: (you should be capable of diagnosing which side is lesioned) • head tilt — lesion is on the “down ear” side • stumbling, falling, rolling — direction is toward the lesion side • nystagmus (oscillatory eye movement — abnormal when the animal is not rotating) — slow phase of nysta ...
... Vestibular syndrome: (you should be capable of diagnosing which side is lesioned) • head tilt — lesion is on the “down ear” side • stumbling, falling, rolling — direction is toward the lesion side • nystagmus (oscillatory eye movement — abnormal when the animal is not rotating) — slow phase of nysta ...
Early Embryonic Expression of Ion Channels and Pumps in Chick
... Taken together, these data are consistent with an important role for ion flux in early embryonic morphogenesis; this survey characterizes candidate genes and provides information on likely embryonic contexts for their function, setting the stage for functional studies of the morphogenetic roles of io ...
... Taken together, these data are consistent with an important role for ion flux in early embryonic morphogenesis; this survey characterizes candidate genes and provides information on likely embryonic contexts for their function, setting the stage for functional studies of the morphogenetic roles of io ...
Signaling in large-scale neural networks
... The essentials of network dynamics are synaptic interactions between the constituent neurons. Synaptic input in neurons can be modeled as synaptic current or synaptic conductance (for a review see Burkitt 2006). The resulting network models are generally referred to as current based and conductance ...
... The essentials of network dynamics are synaptic interactions between the constituent neurons. Synaptic input in neurons can be modeled as synaptic current or synaptic conductance (for a review see Burkitt 2006). The resulting network models are generally referred to as current based and conductance ...
Neurotransmitter Flashcards
... They have trouble starting and stopping any motion and shake at rest They open, and sodium rushes into the cell LGC, when a neurotransmitter binds to it VGC, when the cell membrane charges change When a neurotransmitter (a ligand) binds to them. ...
... They have trouble starting and stopping any motion and shake at rest They open, and sodium rushes into the cell LGC, when a neurotransmitter binds to it VGC, when the cell membrane charges change When a neurotransmitter (a ligand) binds to them. ...
Neurotransmitters
... the sensory neurons, to the Interneurons where it is brought to the appropriate brain region to process the information (now you know it is "hot") and make a decision about a corresponding action (too hot, let's move the hand). The information then travels on the Motor Neurons from the brain to the ...
... the sensory neurons, to the Interneurons where it is brought to the appropriate brain region to process the information (now you know it is "hot") and make a decision about a corresponding action (too hot, let's move the hand). The information then travels on the Motor Neurons from the brain to the ...
Acid-Base_Handling
... • Acid load cannot be excreted unless virtually all of the filtered HCO3- has been reabsorbed • Secreted H+ ions bind to: – Filtered buffers (HPO42-, creatinine) – NH3 to form NH4+ • Rate of NH4+ generation in the proximal tubules varies according to physiologic needs ...
... • Acid load cannot be excreted unless virtually all of the filtered HCO3- has been reabsorbed • Secreted H+ ions bind to: – Filtered buffers (HPO42-, creatinine) – NH3 to form NH4+ • Rate of NH4+ generation in the proximal tubules varies according to physiologic needs ...
35-2 The Nervous System
... The Nerve Impulse The Resting Neuron When resting, the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge. ...
... The Nerve Impulse The Resting Neuron When resting, the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge. ...
Noise in Neurons and Other Constraints
... much less than any computer of equivalent computational power would need (and in fact less then current portable computers). This is, taking an engineering, view surprising. Brains use low quality components for electrical signals: fat as electrical insulator, protein transistors and salty water as ...
... much less than any computer of equivalent computational power would need (and in fact less then current portable computers). This is, taking an engineering, view surprising. Brains use low quality components for electrical signals: fat as electrical insulator, protein transistors and salty water as ...
The Nervous System
... In motor neurons, the nerve impulse is generated at the junction of the axon hillock and axon (trigger zone) and conducted along the axon to the axon terminals which are the secretory regions of the neuron ...
... In motor neurons, the nerve impulse is generated at the junction of the axon hillock and axon (trigger zone) and conducted along the axon to the axon terminals which are the secretory regions of the neuron ...
Nerves and how they work File
... Communication between neurons and between neurons and target tissue • Neurons do not directly touch one another • Neither to their directly touch their target tissue i.e. a muscle cell or glandular tissue • There is a minute gap called the …………………? • The action potential does not jump across the ga ...
... Communication between neurons and between neurons and target tissue • Neurons do not directly touch one another • Neither to their directly touch their target tissue i.e. a muscle cell or glandular tissue • There is a minute gap called the …………………? • The action potential does not jump across the ga ...
Nervous Tissue
... Resting Membrane Potential In neurons, the resting membrane potential ranges from – ...
... Resting Membrane Potential In neurons, the resting membrane potential ranges from – ...
Sample
... 7) The ________ system is comprised of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. A) peripheral nervous B) central nervous C) enteric nervous D) corticospinal E) corticospinal nervous Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Objective: Factual LO: 2.1 APA:1.1 8) The neuron region that resembles ...
... 7) The ________ system is comprised of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. A) peripheral nervous B) central nervous C) enteric nervous D) corticospinal E) corticospinal nervous Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Objective: Factual LO: 2.1 APA:1.1 8) The neuron region that resembles ...
pdf 2.5M
... should clarify the term usage in each context. In the two senses of reservoir of UPOs and reservoir of responses, the flexibility of chaos is stressed out. Note that the major theme of the present paper is the reservoir of UPOs itself. This constitutes an important module of a system demonstrating co ...
... should clarify the term usage in each context. In the two senses of reservoir of UPOs and reservoir of responses, the flexibility of chaos is stressed out. Note that the major theme of the present paper is the reservoir of UPOs itself. This constitutes an important module of a system demonstrating co ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
... Currents were elicited from a holding potential of ±80 mV with voltage steps to ±20 mV (duration 5 ms, interpulse interval 4 s). The recordings are corrected for leakage currents. Action potentials were elicited from a membrane potential of ±84 to ±91 mV by current injections of 0.5 nA (duration 2 m ...
... Currents were elicited from a holding potential of ±80 mV with voltage steps to ±20 mV (duration 5 ms, interpulse interval 4 s). The recordings are corrected for leakage currents. Action potentials were elicited from a membrane potential of ±84 to ±91 mV by current injections of 0.5 nA (duration 2 m ...
Human Vision: Electrophysiology and Psychophysics
... The elements of the network communicate with each other. This is done by the transmission of chemicals called ...
... The elements of the network communicate with each other. This is done by the transmission of chemicals called ...
Targeting of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Proteins and
... the two types of membranes can be separated by biochemical fractionation. Subsequent analysis of their enzyme activities and protein composition indicated that most proteins present in one domain are also found in the other (Depierre and Dallner, 1975; Kreibich et al., 1978). The major exception to ...
... the two types of membranes can be separated by biochemical fractionation. Subsequent analysis of their enzyme activities and protein composition indicated that most proteins present in one domain are also found in the other (Depierre and Dallner, 1975; Kreibich et al., 1978). The major exception to ...
An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain
... receptor channels. At the cerebellar mossy fiber to granule cell synapse (Silver et al., 1996a,b), the hippocampal Schaffer collateral CA3-CA1 synapse (Jonas et al., 1993; Spruston et al., 1995), and excitatory synapses onto neocortical pyramidal cells (Hestrin, 1993; Markram et al., 1997; Häusser a ...
... receptor channels. At the cerebellar mossy fiber to granule cell synapse (Silver et al., 1996a,b), the hippocampal Schaffer collateral CA3-CA1 synapse (Jonas et al., 1993; Spruston et al., 1995), and excitatory synapses onto neocortical pyramidal cells (Hestrin, 1993; Markram et al., 1997; Häusser a ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).