Figure 1 - Journal of Neuroscience
... variable frequency and level. When a neuron was first isolated, diotic pure-tone response maps were measured to determine its frequency selectivity. The tones were presented at 30 dB attenuation (⬃70 dB SPL) over a six-octave range centered at 5 kHz (16 steps per octave) for a duration of 200 ms wit ...
... variable frequency and level. When a neuron was first isolated, diotic pure-tone response maps were measured to determine its frequency selectivity. The tones were presented at 30 dB attenuation (⬃70 dB SPL) over a six-octave range centered at 5 kHz (16 steps per octave) for a duration of 200 ms wit ...
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
... definite matrix representing the scalar product. Condition 4 imposes symmetry among the components of the vectors, which means that M must be proportional to the unit matrix. Therefore, out of all the distances that have a scalar product associated with them, the only one that fulfills condition 4 i ...
... definite matrix representing the scalar product. Condition 4 imposes symmetry among the components of the vectors, which means that M must be proportional to the unit matrix. Therefore, out of all the distances that have a scalar product associated with them, the only one that fulfills condition 4 i ...
1 - Projeto Andar de Novo
... specific way and after 10-20 minutes of cell contact the protein is internalized and accumulates in endocytic organelles. Co-localization studies with markers of subcellular organelles indicated that fluorescent STI-1 is internalized to flotillin-1 positive vesicles and is then found in Rab7 positiv ...
... specific way and after 10-20 minutes of cell contact the protein is internalized and accumulates in endocytic organelles. Co-localization studies with markers of subcellular organelles indicated that fluorescent STI-1 is internalized to flotillin-1 positive vesicles and is then found in Rab7 positiv ...
empathize with fictional characters
... message (Liberman et al. 1967; Liberman and Mattingly 1985; Liberman and Whalen 2000). Mirror neurons, active during both production and perception, seem to provide an excellent neural substrate of such common code. For example, human studies have demonstrated that premotor areas active while we spe ...
... message (Liberman et al. 1967; Liberman and Mattingly 1985; Liberman and Whalen 2000). Mirror neurons, active during both production and perception, seem to provide an excellent neural substrate of such common code. For example, human studies have demonstrated that premotor areas active while we spe ...
Smelling on the fly: sensory cues and strategies for olfactory
... an obvious example, visual cues may be useful in the daytime but less useful at night. This makes chemotaxis an interesting behavior from the perspective of understanding how the nervous system selects a particular program of action among different alternatives. In this review, we will focus on chem ...
... an obvious example, visual cues may be useful in the daytime but less useful at night. This makes chemotaxis an interesting behavior from the perspective of understanding how the nervous system selects a particular program of action among different alternatives. In this review, we will focus on chem ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
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... a causal link between neural activation and brain function. Electrical microstimulation, which can selectively perturb neural activity in specific parts of the nervous system, is an important tool for exploring the organization and function of brain circuitry. To date, the studies describing the beh ...
... a causal link between neural activation and brain function. Electrical microstimulation, which can selectively perturb neural activity in specific parts of the nervous system, is an important tool for exploring the organization and function of brain circuitry. To date, the studies describing the beh ...
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
... body communicate with one another provides many targets for drug action, and has always been a focus of attention for pharmacologists. Chemical transmission in the peripheral nervous system, and the various ways in which the process can be pharmacologically subverted (destabilize, unsettle) will b ...
... body communicate with one another provides many targets for drug action, and has always been a focus of attention for pharmacologists. Chemical transmission in the peripheral nervous system, and the various ways in which the process can be pharmacologically subverted (destabilize, unsettle) will b ...
Fading memory and kernel properties of generic cortical microcircuit
... attractor neural networks on one hand (which both use widely varying task-dependent computation times until they provide an output) and many cortical computations on the other hand, is that the latter often have to provide an output within a specific and rather short deadline. Hence cortical microcir ...
... attractor neural networks on one hand (which both use widely varying task-dependent computation times until they provide an output) and many cortical computations on the other hand, is that the latter often have to provide an output within a specific and rather short deadline. Hence cortical microcir ...
Corticofugal Amplification of Subcortical Responses to Single Tone
... no stimulus was presented in order to count background discharges. The duration of each block was 200 ms, so that the duration of the F scan was 4,200 ms. The F scan was used to obtain a frequencyresponse curve (Fig. 3). To measure the time course of a change in subcortical auditory responses evoked ...
... no stimulus was presented in order to count background discharges. The duration of each block was 200 ms, so that the duration of the F scan was 4,200 ms. The F scan was used to obtain a frequencyresponse curve (Fig. 3). To measure the time course of a change in subcortical auditory responses evoked ...
The Representation of Complex Images in Spatial Frequency
... well separated SF domains in cat area 17. The relative phase of the sine wave gratings was fixed to zero, such that the pair moved as a coherent whole. Both sinusoidal components therefore moved with the same speed, but each component grating had a different TF because they had different SFs. Exampl ...
... well separated SF domains in cat area 17. The relative phase of the sine wave gratings was fixed to zero, such that the pair moved as a coherent whole. Both sinusoidal components therefore moved with the same speed, but each component grating had a different TF because they had different SFs. Exampl ...
Ectodermal Placodes: Contributions to the
... SYNOPSIS. Neurogenic placodes are focal ectodermal thickenings that give rise to the sensory neurons, and in some cases, the receptor cells of vertebrate sensory systems. There are no markers for the identification of undifferentiated placodal epithelia, but derivatives of the nasal placode, for exa ...
... SYNOPSIS. Neurogenic placodes are focal ectodermal thickenings that give rise to the sensory neurons, and in some cases, the receptor cells of vertebrate sensory systems. There are no markers for the identification of undifferentiated placodal epithelia, but derivatives of the nasal placode, for exa ...
Well That Frog Just Doesn`t Have The Nerve
... it is not helpful to pick a maximum CAP if it does not provide a reasonable value for the majority of the axons. The distance between the two recording electrodes was used with the time interval that passes between both electrodes to calculate the thickness of the myelinated fibers. The average thic ...
... it is not helpful to pick a maximum CAP if it does not provide a reasonable value for the majority of the axons. The distance between the two recording electrodes was used with the time interval that passes between both electrodes to calculate the thickness of the myelinated fibers. The average thic ...
The Neurobehavioral Nature of Fishes and the
... human tendency to attribute mental states to others is called “theory of mind” and is probably the basis for our tendency to feel empathy toward other people. Theory of mind is thought to have evolved as a device for increasing our accuracy in predicting the behavior of other humans (Bogdan, 2000; M ...
... human tendency to attribute mental states to others is called “theory of mind” and is probably the basis for our tendency to feel empathy toward other people. Theory of mind is thought to have evolved as a device for increasing our accuracy in predicting the behavior of other humans (Bogdan, 2000; M ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... bit 1 is coded by the firing of a neuron within a certain short time window, and 0 by the non-firing of this neuron within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the f ...
... bit 1 is coded by the firing of a neuron within a certain short time window, and 0 by the non-firing of this neuron within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the f ...
emotional learning: a computational model of the amygdala
... 1996), Schmajuk (1997), and Balkenius and Morën (1999). Gray (1975) describes yet another version of the theory. In some respects, the learning model proposed by Grossberg (1987) is also an instance of the two-process idea. The goal of the present work is to show that ¢ndings from neurophysiology c ...
... 1996), Schmajuk (1997), and Balkenius and Morën (1999). Gray (1975) describes yet another version of the theory. In some respects, the learning model proposed by Grossberg (1987) is also an instance of the two-process idea. The goal of the present work is to show that ¢ndings from neurophysiology c ...
Conditioned tone control of brain reward behavior produces highly
... has key attributes of associative memory that make it an attractive candidate for the storage of behaviorally relevant auditory information. In addition to being associative, it is highly specific to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus, discriminative, develops rapidly, consolidates over hours ...
... has key attributes of associative memory that make it an attractive candidate for the storage of behaviorally relevant auditory information. In addition to being associative, it is highly specific to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus, discriminative, develops rapidly, consolidates over hours ...
The PLAT domain of LOV-1 interacts with ATP-2 to
... for LOV-1 and PKD-2 polycystin function. The C. elegans male uses a series of both chemosensory and mechanosensory behaviors during mating. Male mating is the most complex behavior executed by C. elegans. The male nervous system possesses 381 neurons to the hermaphrodite’s 302 (Sulston et al., 1980; ...
... for LOV-1 and PKD-2 polycystin function. The C. elegans male uses a series of both chemosensory and mechanosensory behaviors during mating. Male mating is the most complex behavior executed by C. elegans. The male nervous system possesses 381 neurons to the hermaphrodite’s 302 (Sulston et al., 1980; ...
23. Chordates
... Vertebrates evolved at least 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion. Pikaia was an early chordate discovered in the Burgess Shale. Cephalochordate? ...
... Vertebrates evolved at least 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion. Pikaia was an early chordate discovered in the Burgess Shale. Cephalochordate? ...
Chordates
... Vertebrates evolved at least 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion. Pikaia was an early chordate discovered in the Burgess Shale. ...
... Vertebrates evolved at least 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion. Pikaia was an early chordate discovered in the Burgess Shale. ...
Representational Capacity of Face Coding in Monkeys
... present and employ a new method based on Monte Carlo integration of extracted probability distributions: The advantages of this approach are that it is simple and direct, that it can be checked by a number of internal consistency tests and that it does not rely on subtraction procedures of unknown v ...
... present and employ a new method based on Monte Carlo integration of extracted probability distributions: The advantages of this approach are that it is simple and direct, that it can be checked by a number of internal consistency tests and that it does not rely on subtraction procedures of unknown v ...
23. Chordates
... Vertebrates evolved at least 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion. Pikaia was an early chordate discovered in the Burgess Shale. Cephalochordate? ...
... Vertebrates evolved at least 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion. Pikaia was an early chordate discovered in the Burgess Shale. Cephalochordate? ...
The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System
... severely compromises their quality of life. The extent to which the practical difficulties of daily life for people with spinal cord injury, which disrupts the links between the brain and the autonomic control of the body’s organs, absorb personal energy and resources should not be underestimated by ...
... severely compromises their quality of life. The extent to which the practical difficulties of daily life for people with spinal cord injury, which disrupts the links between the brain and the autonomic control of the body’s organs, absorb personal energy and resources should not be underestimated by ...
Insights into decision making using choice probability
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
Neuroethology
Neuroethology is the evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system. This interdisciplinary branch of behavioral neuroscience endeavors to understand how the central nervous system translates biologically relevant stimuli into natural behavior. For example, many bats are capable of echolocation which is used for prey capture and navigation. The auditory system of bats is often cited as an example for how acoustic properties of sounds can be converted into a sensory map of behaviorally relevant features of sounds. Neuroethologists hope to uncover general principles of the nervous system from the study of animals with exaggerated or specialized behaviors.As its name implies, neuroethology is a multidisciplinary field composed of neurobiology (the study of the nervous system) and ethology (the study of behavior in natural conditions). A central theme of the field of neuroethology, delineating it from other branches of neuroscience, is this focus on natural behavior. Natural behaviors may be thought of as those behaviors generated through means of natural selection (i.e. finding mates, navigation, locomotion, predator avoidance) rather than behaviors in disease states, or behavioral tasks that are particular to the laboratory.