Nicotine injections into the ventral tegmental area increase
... found to stimulate DA release from accumbal synaptosomes [40] and when directly administered into the NAc the drug has been found to increase extracellular concentrations of DA [26,32]. However, several studies indicate that stimulation of DA neurons at the somatodendritic, rather than at the nerve ...
... found to stimulate DA release from accumbal synaptosomes [40] and when directly administered into the NAc the drug has been found to increase extracellular concentrations of DA [26,32]. However, several studies indicate that stimulation of DA neurons at the somatodendritic, rather than at the nerve ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
... Fig. 1. Presumptive anatomical substrates for the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and the recurrent network model. (a) Diagram of the different components of the RF center and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (i ...
... Fig. 1. Presumptive anatomical substrates for the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and the recurrent network model. (a) Diagram of the different components of the RF center and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (i ...
Caudal Topographic Nucleus Isthmi and the Rostra1
... dense terminals in the present material. Thus, tectal injections permitted analyses of both the dendritic and axonal arbors of Imc neurons. Large control injections of HRP into the medial or lateral half of the pontine tegmentum left Imc as a label-freeisland surrounded by densely labeled reticular ...
... dense terminals in the present material. Thus, tectal injections permitted analyses of both the dendritic and axonal arbors of Imc neurons. Large control injections of HRP into the medial or lateral half of the pontine tegmentum left Imc as a label-freeisland surrounded by densely labeled reticular ...
Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Primate Mesencephalic
... of an eye velocity signal from the paramedian zone of the pontine reticular formation (PPRF) to higher structures. These ideas were tested using reversible inactivation of the MRF with pressure microinjection of muscimol, a GABAA agonist, in four rhesus monkeys prepared for chronic single-neuron and ...
... of an eye velocity signal from the paramedian zone of the pontine reticular formation (PPRF) to higher structures. These ideas were tested using reversible inactivation of the MRF with pressure microinjection of muscimol, a GABAA agonist, in four rhesus monkeys prepared for chronic single-neuron and ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and
... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
Gentle Mechanical Skin Stimulation Inhibits Micturition Contractions
... Following somatic stimulation, parasympathetic pelvic efferent nerve activity, which controls bladder contraction, is inhibited, whereas sympathetic hypogastric nerve activity is sometimes facilitated during perineal stimulation. The inhibition of RMCs by perineal stimulation is not affected by tota ...
... Following somatic stimulation, parasympathetic pelvic efferent nerve activity, which controls bladder contraction, is inhibited, whereas sympathetic hypogastric nerve activity is sometimes facilitated during perineal stimulation. The inhibition of RMCs by perineal stimulation is not affected by tota ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... decade, yet there are still many fundamental questions which have not been addressed. One of the major issues that still needs to be investigated in detail is: what are the other neural correlates for reinforcement learning besides the dopaminergic activity? An important neuromodulator subpopulation ...
... decade, yet there are still many fundamental questions which have not been addressed. One of the major issues that still needs to be investigated in detail is: what are the other neural correlates for reinforcement learning besides the dopaminergic activity? An important neuromodulator subpopulation ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... response would be the strongest, if an elongated visual stimulus was properly located at an orientation such that the neuron is optimally activated by the bar, but not inhibited by the central inhibitory population. This geometric arrangement also determines the OS maps on the cortical surface (Fig. ...
... response would be the strongest, if an elongated visual stimulus was properly located at an orientation such that the neuron is optimally activated by the bar, but not inhibited by the central inhibitory population. This geometric arrangement also determines the OS maps on the cortical surface (Fig. ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... with the head restrained by the head bolt. A hydraulic microdrive (Narishige) was mounted to the top of the recording chamber. A steel guide cannulus (18-gauge syringe needle) was lowered through the hole in the skull and into the dura. Then the varnish-coated tungsten microelectrode (Frederick Haer ...
... with the head restrained by the head bolt. A hydraulic microdrive (Narishige) was mounted to the top of the recording chamber. A steel guide cannulus (18-gauge syringe needle) was lowered through the hole in the skull and into the dura. Then the varnish-coated tungsten microelectrode (Frederick Haer ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
Background - Harvard University
... of all the studies done. We focus on the activity of single neurons studied by neurophysiological techniques in behaving animals, in particular monkeys, and emphasize the formative role of behavioral theories, such as animal learning theory and microeconomic utility theory, on the understanding of t ...
... of all the studies done. We focus on the activity of single neurons studied by neurophysiological techniques in behaving animals, in particular monkeys, and emphasize the formative role of behavioral theories, such as animal learning theory and microeconomic utility theory, on the understanding of t ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... percentage of that of the cerebral cortex (Kowianski et al. 1999)—and so it is easily overlooked. Crick (1994) described the claustrum briefly, but since then we have left it to one side. So what prompted this article? A key property of conscious sensations is their integrated nature. You are not aw ...
... percentage of that of the cerebral cortex (Kowianski et al. 1999)—and so it is easily overlooked. Crick (1994) described the claustrum briefly, but since then we have left it to one side. So what prompted this article? A key property of conscious sensations is their integrated nature. You are not aw ...
Schema Theory
... A schema is what is learned about some aspect of the world, combining knowledge with the processes for applying it; a schema instance is an active deployment of these processes. A perceptual schema not only determines whether a given "domain of interaction" (an action-oriented generalization of the ...
... A schema is what is learned about some aspect of the world, combining knowledge with the processes for applying it; a schema instance is an active deployment of these processes. A perceptual schema not only determines whether a given "domain of interaction" (an action-oriented generalization of the ...
Mitchell, Emma (2016) Detour pathways of descending motor
... connections to the denervated (ipsilateral) side of the spinal cord. If the motor cortex from the non-ischaemic hemisphere does take over control of ipsilateral spinal circuitry after stroke, it likely utilises an indirect route. In the intact animal, a number of indirect routes via which the motor ...
... connections to the denervated (ipsilateral) side of the spinal cord. If the motor cortex from the non-ischaemic hemisphere does take over control of ipsilateral spinal circuitry after stroke, it likely utilises an indirect route. In the intact animal, a number of indirect routes via which the motor ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... posterior medial cortices, and the sparsest in anterior lateral prefrontal areas, especially area 10. Prefrontal projection neurons directed to the amygdala originated in layer 5, but significant numbers were also found in layers 2 and 3 in posterior medial and orbitofrontal cortices. Amygdalar axon ...
... posterior medial cortices, and the sparsest in anterior lateral prefrontal areas, especially area 10. Prefrontal projection neurons directed to the amygdala originated in layer 5, but significant numbers were also found in layers 2 and 3 in posterior medial and orbitofrontal cortices. Amygdalar axon ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... spine pruning are dependent upon neural activity and play a key role in the activity-dependent refinement of neuronal connections (Churchill et al., 2002; Mataga et al., 2004; Ethell and Pasquale, 2005; Zuo et al., 2005b). Many physiological and molecular factors have been found to regulate spine fo ...
... spine pruning are dependent upon neural activity and play a key role in the activity-dependent refinement of neuronal connections (Churchill et al., 2002; Mataga et al., 2004; Ethell and Pasquale, 2005; Zuo et al., 2005b). Many physiological and molecular factors have been found to regulate spine fo ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... transmission at excitatory hippocampal synapses (Gasparini and others 2001). Taken together, these observations suggest that Ca2+ channels known to be involved in neurotransmitter release at small central synapses are a likely site for the initial modulatory action of BDNF at presynaptic terminals. ...
... transmission at excitatory hippocampal synapses (Gasparini and others 2001). Taken together, these observations suggest that Ca2+ channels known to be involved in neurotransmitter release at small central synapses are a likely site for the initial modulatory action of BDNF at presynaptic terminals. ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
spinal nerve
... – are named for superior vertebra Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... – are named for superior vertebra Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change thei ...
... Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change thei ...
Novelty exploration training tasks - Repositório da Universidade de
... therapeutic interventions. However, until the moment, the precise mechanisms responsible for the sympathetic activation in essential hypertension remain to be elucidated, since they are complex and multifactorial. ...
... therapeutic interventions. However, until the moment, the precise mechanisms responsible for the sympathetic activation in essential hypertension remain to be elucidated, since they are complex and multifactorial. ...