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Ethanol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Dopamine
Ethanol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Dopamine

... QC, Canada ...
Gait training facilitates central drive to ankle
Gait training facilitates central drive to ankle

... Foot drop and toe walking are among the most frequent clinical problems in children with cerebral palsy (Fowler et al., 2010). The main underlying cause of these problems is reduced force in the ankle dorsiflexor muscles secondary to a lesion of the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract (Bland et a ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following

... irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished during acutely developed cerebral ischemia that could be restored by recovery of ischemic cerebral processes (7). Bilateral vagal nerve stimulation causes bronchoconstriction (24) th ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive

... probability of choosing an alternative must not increase as more alternatives are added to a choice set. Similarly, an early sufficient condition held that relative preferences (i.e. relative choice probabilities) between two alternatives should not depend on other alternatives in the choice set, fo ...
Descending motor pathways and the spinal
Descending motor pathways and the spinal

... valved in phasic (orienting) and tonic (head position) function does not follow the subdivision into epaxial and hypaxial muscles, but motoneurons innervating phasic muscles are always located lateral to the motoneurons innervating tonic muscles (Fig. 1). Such a functional subdivision is important, ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning

... attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala– cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established. ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

... The sympathetic (sim-pa -̆ thet   ́ ik) division is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies. It is often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” division because increased sympathetic activity results in the increased alertness and metabolic activity needed in stressful or frighteni ...
CRANIAL NERVES: Functional Anatomy
CRANIAL NERVES: Functional Anatomy

Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited

... established once a mouse exhibited a consistent pattern of performance. Acuity thresholds were estimated as the spatial frequency average from three or more failures at adjacent spatial frequencies. Throughout the testing phase, any mouse that failed to find the hidden platform on the first try repe ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex

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View Full Page PDF

... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst

... The KCNQ/M channel blocker linopirdine induces intrinsic bursting by augmenting the spike ADP To explore the function of KCNQ/M channels in shaping the intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 p ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects

... The hypothesis that LIP is involved in temporal integration comes from experiments in which monkeys perform a twoalternative direction-discrimination task (Shadlen and Newsome, 2001; Roitman and Shadlen, 2002). In this task, monkeys decide the net direction of motion of a dynamic random dot stimulus ...
Neurodynamical theory of decision confidence Andrea Insabato TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2014
Neurodynamical theory of decision confidence Andrea Insabato TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2014

... and then proves to be very useful for planning of future actions and reacting to a changing environment. Indeed confidence about choice and uncertainty about value estimation are important factors that influence learning and the course of action in unstable, changing environments (Rushworth and Behr ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in

... reticular nucleus include in their terminal ramifications the dorsal thalamic nucleus from which they receive inputs (Jones, 1975). The thalamocortical axons have been demonstrated to give off collaterals in the reticular nucleus by intracellular injections in relay neurons of the dorsal lateral gen ...
download file
download file

... basalis, locus coeruleus or ventral tegmental area (NB, LC or VTA), can also generate ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models

... LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Flies show a conditioned approach towards the trained odor in the test. We interpret this as a change of the hedonic value of the US. The associative strength is less strong than for delay conditioning and the ISI range for learning is smaller. Th ...
The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve
The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve

... This remarkable behavior is called the diving response (DR) since it was first studied in pelagic pinnepeds (106, 108, 215), but all aquatic mammals, including whales and dolphins, posses this response. Moreover, numerous studies have shown that all mammals, including those terrestrial (Panneton WM, ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3

... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus

... terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with receptive fields similar to retina in size and response properties). Because the retinal ­ganglion cells drive LGN neurons, and because retinal convergence onto LGN ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by

... were conducted at −60 mV. The average frequency of sEPSCs was 3.5 ± 0.7 Hz (range from 0.7 to 6.5 Hz, n = 8). After bath application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
General and cell type specific mechanisms target

... Rosenbaum, 2002; Watnick and Germino, 2003). Understanding the mechanisms by which TRPP1 and TRPP2 are transported to and function in cilia is important from both the basic cell biology and human health perspectives. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model system with which to unders ...
A self-organizing model of disparity maps in the primary visual cortex
A self-organizing model of disparity maps in the primary visual cortex

... Current models of primary visual cortex (V1) development show how visual features such as orientation and eye preference can emerge from spontaneous and visually evoked neural activity, but it is not yet known whether spatially organized maps for low-level visual pattern disparity are present in V1, ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of

... the olfactory placodes (9) and migrate to their final location during the embryonic life. In addition to these data from mice, results of other experiments performed in chicks (10), rhesus macaques (11), rats (12) and humans (13) indicate that the olfactory origin of GnRH neurons is a general phenom ...
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Central pattern generator

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are biological neural networks that produce rhythmic patterned outputs without sensory feedback. CPGs have been shown to produce rhythmic outputs resembling normal ""rhythmic motor pattern production"" even in isolation from motor and sensory feedback from limbs and other muscle targets. To be classified as a rhythmic generator, a CPG requires:1. ""two or more processes that interact such that each process sequentially increases and decreases, and 2. that, as a result of this interaction, the system repeatedly returns to its starting condition.
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