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Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat

... context for a more balanced picture of the corticofugal auditory system (Winer et al., 1998, 1999; Prieto and Winer, 1999). Refinements in knowledge of the principal circuitry in the thalamocortical (TC) system has not been matched by a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose exper ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience

Reuss 9..48
Reuss 9..48

... it should be noted that a number of methodical parameters render it difficult to draw final conclusions on certain aspects of SCN morphology. For example, day-night differences in the expression of neuroactive substances may not or only inadequately be detected when respective changes were out of ph ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of

... Rakic, 1980, 1990; Luskin and Shatz, 1985a,b) and achieve a high degree of phenotypic maturity during fetal and neonatal development (for review, see Shatz et al., 1988, 1991). Many of them receive synapses (Chun and Shatz, 1988a; Herrmann et al., 1991) and can be synaptically driven by white matter ...
Genetic and Functional Modularity of Hox Activities in the
Genetic and Functional Modularity of Hox Activities in the

2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education Site Map Any use is subject to
2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education Site Map Any use is subject to

... Any use is subject to the Terms of Use and Privacy Notice. McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine business of The McGraw-Hill ...
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders

... cortex, pre-motor cortex, and portions of the somatosensory dorsal parietal cortex); (ii) the dorsolateral portion of the postcommissural putamen and a small rim of the head of the caudate; and (iii) the lateral two-thirds of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi) and a small portion of the substantia ni ...
cortical limbic system: a computational model. PhD thesis. htt
cortical limbic system: a computational model. PhD thesis. htt

Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle

... lGnRH-III but not by mGnRH, whereas the axons in the median eminence were eliminated by lGnRH-III but only slightly reduced by absorption with mGnRH. Using an antiserum against cGnRH-II that visualized cGnRH-II neurons in the chicken hypothalamus, no such neurons could be visualized in the rat hypot ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the

... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:

PDF
PDF

... expressed in the dorsal neural tube, acts on the same neurons that respond to Ntn1 and can bind to both Dcc and Unc5 family members (Islam et al., 2009). It is tempting to speculate that these molecules could contribute to trochlear nerve guidance, although compensation by other Netrin family member ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated

... animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endogenous activity (perhaps some form of ‘setpoint’), the hy ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.

... animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endogenous activity (perhaps some form of ‘setpoint’), the hy ...
Control of echolocation pulses by neurons of the nucleus ambiguus
Control of echolocation pulses by neurons of the nucleus ambiguus

... thus included parts of the rostral SLN-area. Efferent projections In all experiments, fibers which were labelled took their origin at the injection site and travelled in different directions, sometimes combined in compact fiber bundles. Part of these fibers possibly were axons of retrogradely labell ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of

... transendothelial signaling (35) represent mechanisms through which peripheral signals may reach hypothalamic neurons behind the BBB, an alternative explanation also deserves consideration. The sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs) are a group of central nervous system structures that lack the norm ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis

... antennal gustatory sensilla. Two areas are within the deutocerebrum: the antennal motor and mechanosensory centre (AMMC) and a region situated posteriorly to the antennal lobes. The two other areas are in the tritocerebrum/suboesophageal ganglion complex. As our electrophysiological investigations s ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus

... Surgical procedures. One week after the MRI, the monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 –15 mg/kg, i.m.) followed by gas anesthetic (isoflurane), until a surgical level of anesthesia was accomplished. Surgery was performed under aseptic conditions while heart rate, muscle tone, re ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems

... of potential pacemakers by use of molecular criteria. Based upon these phylogenetic considerations, some clock genes as well as the neuropeptide PDH, which is a known clock output in insects, have recently been analysed in crayfish and lobsters (see 4.3.). In insects and mammals, the circadian pacem ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of

... cells contain a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity.36 In spite of these findings, there are no other neuropeptides or transmitters that are colocalized with GALP in the ARC, suggesting that it is a unique peptide. GALP-positive fibers in the rat ARC project to several hypothalamic ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep

... changes in the availability of cell surface receptors across behavioral states. We show that following sleep deprivation, the presence and the intensity of GABAARs on the BF cholinergie cell membrane were increased. Such activity dependent changes of GABAARs could underlie homeostatic regulation ofw ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of

... of spinal sensory networks in young animals. In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons in regions of the brainstem which receive sensory inputs from the dorsal horn at P4; eight days before noxious-evoked neuronal activation in descending modulatory nuclei. In ...
PDF
PDF

... membRFP) embryos and found significant differences in the properties of the first FBMN to migrate (the pioneer neuron) versus follower FBMNs. We examined both early stages of FBMN migration, before the MLF catches up with the FBMNs (18-20 hpf; Fig. 4A-E), and later stages of migration, after the MLF ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new

... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
Neuron 2013 Bartolini
Neuron 2013 Bartolini

... evolved as hierarchical networks of excitatory glutamatergic neurons and g-aminobutyric acid-containing (GABAergic) interneurons. In the telencephalon, for example, cortical structures consist of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal assemblies independent of their complexity and function. Accordingly, ...
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Central pattern generator

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are biological neural networks that produce rhythmic patterned outputs without sensory feedback. CPGs have been shown to produce rhythmic outputs resembling normal ""rhythmic motor pattern production"" even in isolation from motor and sensory feedback from limbs and other muscle targets. To be classified as a rhythmic generator, a CPG requires:1. ""two or more processes that interact such that each process sequentially increases and decreases, and 2. that, as a result of this interaction, the system repeatedly returns to its starting condition.
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