Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... voluntary action is directed toward an object, such as reaching for a cup, the cause of action is not the object but an internal decision to interact with the object. The presence of the object provides only the opportunity for acting. Voluntary actions involve choices between alternatives, includin ...
... voluntary action is directed toward an object, such as reaching for a cup, the cause of action is not the object but an internal decision to interact with the object. The presence of the object provides only the opportunity for acting. Voluntary actions involve choices between alternatives, includin ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... SCI is not satisfactory. Thus, it’s urgent to find effective treatment methods for SCI, and many experiments have been done covering many aspects, such as molecule, cell, gene, drug treatment, and so on. In this study, we have discovered that GDNF immunoreactive products were found in the cytoplasm ...
... SCI is not satisfactory. Thus, it’s urgent to find effective treatment methods for SCI, and many experiments have been done covering many aspects, such as molecule, cell, gene, drug treatment, and so on. In this study, we have discovered that GDNF immunoreactive products were found in the cytoplasm ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... To test the behavioral representation of stable object-value memories, we used a free viewing task (Yasuda et al. 2012). On each trial, four of a set of eight fractal objects were chosen randomly, regardless of their values, and were presented simultaneously for 2 s. The monkey was free to look at t ...
... To test the behavioral representation of stable object-value memories, we used a free viewing task (Yasuda et al. 2012). On each trial, four of a set of eight fractal objects were chosen randomly, regardless of their values, and were presented simultaneously for 2 s. The monkey was free to look at t ...
PDF - Department of Molecular Biology
... lacking the PRD rescued the locomotion defects of unc-26 mutants (Fig. S2C). These results agree with a prior study showing that mutations preventing the interaction of mouse Synaptojanin and Endophilin caused only modest endocytic defects (Mani et al., 2007). Collectively, these results support the ...
... lacking the PRD rescued the locomotion defects of unc-26 mutants (Fig. S2C). These results agree with a prior study showing that mutations preventing the interaction of mouse Synaptojanin and Endophilin caused only modest endocytic defects (Mani et al., 2007). Collectively, these results support the ...
Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental
... that neuronal target fields produce limiting quantities of neurotrophins that promote the survival of the appropriate number of innervating neurons during development (Davies, 1988; Barde, 1989). NGF is synthesized in the target fields of developing NGF-dependent neurons, which include sympathetic n ...
... that neuronal target fields produce limiting quantities of neurotrophins that promote the survival of the appropriate number of innervating neurons during development (Davies, 1988; Barde, 1989). NGF is synthesized in the target fields of developing NGF-dependent neurons, which include sympathetic n ...
First-in-first-out item replacement in a model of
... In the absence of input, the contents of a STM buffer decay gradually, due to noise and a slow-AHP (modeled as a bi-exponential response with Erev = −70 mV, G = 0.01 nS, τrise = τf all = 3000 ms, an alpha function). When a buffer that is filled to capacity receives new input at a rapid pace, so that ...
... In the absence of input, the contents of a STM buffer decay gradually, due to noise and a slow-AHP (modeled as a bi-exponential response with Erev = −70 mV, G = 0.01 nS, τrise = τf all = 3000 ms, an alpha function). When a buffer that is filled to capacity receives new input at a rapid pace, so that ...
Document
... Cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus You become aware of the pain but only have a general idea of the area affected Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus You become aware of the pain but only have a general idea of the area affected Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... Cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus You become aware of the pain but only have a general idea of the area affected Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus You become aware of the pain but only have a general idea of the area affected Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying ...
... 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying ...
18 Coordination in Behavior and Cognition
... to as synchronization manifolds). This is the key to understanding the central role of oscillations and synchrony in binding the dynamics of distributed populations in the brain. Furthermore, it speaks to synchronization as a pragmatic measure that can be used to infer the presence of dynamic coordi ...
... to as synchronization manifolds). This is the key to understanding the central role of oscillations and synchrony in binding the dynamics of distributed populations in the brain. Furthermore, it speaks to synchronization as a pragmatic measure that can be used to infer the presence of dynamic coordi ...
Text - ETH E
... as a signal that is one during presentation of this stimulus and zero otherwise. The temporal stimulus representation of this stimulus u(t ) consists of a series of phasic signals x1 ðtÞ; x2 ðtÞ; x3 ðtÞ; … that cover trial duration (only three components are shown). Each component of this temporal r ...
... as a signal that is one during presentation of this stimulus and zero otherwise. The temporal stimulus representation of this stimulus u(t ) consists of a series of phasic signals x1 ðtÞ; x2 ðtÞ; x3 ðtÞ; … that cover trial duration (only three components are shown). Each component of this temporal r ...
Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... by TEA (25 mM), a blocker of the slow, noninactivating K’ current. Collectively, these results indicate that all three depolarization-activated K’ currents contribute to outward rectification at different times and membrane potentials defined by their voltage dependence of activation and kinetics of ...
... by TEA (25 mM), a blocker of the slow, noninactivating K’ current. Collectively, these results indicate that all three depolarization-activated K’ currents contribute to outward rectification at different times and membrane potentials defined by their voltage dependence of activation and kinetics of ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... ring rates were not robustly associated with dierent behavioral responses, while deviations from a neuron-speci c prototypical spike train predicted slower responses of the monkeys. These deviations could be due to increased or decreased spike count, as well as to jitters in spike times. Our resul ...
... ring rates were not robustly associated with dierent behavioral responses, while deviations from a neuron-speci c prototypical spike train predicted slower responses of the monkeys. These deviations could be due to increased or decreased spike count, as well as to jitters in spike times. Our resul ...
BMC Neuroscience
... This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ...
... This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... visual system are produced in rapid succession after the motor nuclei. In the nucleus of Darkschewitsch peak production time was on days E l 2 and E13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced peak on day E13; finally, the neurons of the ...
... visual system are produced in rapid succession after the motor nuclei. In the nucleus of Darkschewitsch peak production time was on days E l 2 and E13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced peak on day E13; finally, the neurons of the ...
A Lipid Gate for the Peripheral Control of Pain
... URB597, prevents the development of allodynia, normalizes nervous system during painful states. cisplatin-induced decrease in conduction velocity of A␣/AThe data summarized above suggest that activation of CB1, fibers and reduces the increase in immunoreactivity for TRPV-1 CB2, and possibly other r ...
... URB597, prevents the development of allodynia, normalizes nervous system during painful states. cisplatin-induced decrease in conduction velocity of A␣/AThe data summarized above suggest that activation of CB1, fibers and reduces the increase in immunoreactivity for TRPV-1 CB2, and possibly other r ...
Mechanisms for Stable, Robust, and Adaptive Development of
... when visual responses can first be measured) until P28 –P34, reaching adult levels by P42–P49 (Chapman and Stryker, 1993). To examine stability of maps using optical imaging, Chapman et al. (1996) thus focused on the period from P31 to P45. This period also corresponds to the critical period for vis ...
... when visual responses can first be measured) until P28 –P34, reaching adult levels by P42–P49 (Chapman and Stryker, 1993). To examine stability of maps using optical imaging, Chapman et al. (1996) thus focused on the period from P31 to P45. This period also corresponds to the critical period for vis ...
(2007) The most superficial sublamina of rat superior colluculus
... the damage area, no sutures were needed. The animal was allowed to recover from the anesthesia, returned to its home cage, and rested before being used for further recording sessions (up to five separated by 3– 4 days). In six animals the primary visual cortex (V1) was ablated to study the effects o ...
... the damage area, no sutures were needed. The animal was allowed to recover from the anesthesia, returned to its home cage, and rested before being used for further recording sessions (up to five separated by 3– 4 days). In six animals the primary visual cortex (V1) was ablated to study the effects o ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... continuously monitoring the electroencephalograph (EEG), and supplemental doses of Somnotol (5–7 mg/kg iv) were given as needed to maintain a synchronized EEG pattern. Lidocaine (2%) was applied to all skin incisions. End tidal CO2 concentration was kept at 3.7 { 0.2% (mean { SE), and the rectal tem ...
... continuously monitoring the electroencephalograph (EEG), and supplemental doses of Somnotol (5–7 mg/kg iv) were given as needed to maintain a synchronized EEG pattern. Lidocaine (2%) was applied to all skin incisions. End tidal CO2 concentration was kept at 3.7 { 0.2% (mean { SE), and the rectal tem ...