Bacillus anthracis produces membrane-derived vesicles containing biologically active toxins
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
Evidence for Amino Acid Snorkeling from a High
... 2011) for insertion of this polypeptide into the mitochondrial OM. No cellular machinery involved in Fis1p insertion has been identified (Kemper et al. 2008; Krumpe et al. 2012). Fis1p has been suggested to reach a final topology in the OM in which the amino-terminal bulk of the protein faces the cyto ...
... 2011) for insertion of this polypeptide into the mitochondrial OM. No cellular machinery involved in Fis1p insertion has been identified (Kemper et al. 2008; Krumpe et al. 2012). Fis1p has been suggested to reach a final topology in the OM in which the amino-terminal bulk of the protein faces the cyto ...
Structural and Functional Comparisons of Retroviral Envelope
... particles. Env is translated as a polyprotein that is subsequently extensively post-translationally modified during trafficking through the biosynthetic pathway (reviewed for HIV in [1]). Briefly, Env is cleaved by a furin-like protease in the Golgi into its two subunits: the surface unit (SU) prote ...
... particles. Env is translated as a polyprotein that is subsequently extensively post-translationally modified during trafficking through the biosynthetic pathway (reviewed for HIV in [1]). Briefly, Env is cleaved by a furin-like protease in the Golgi into its two subunits: the surface unit (SU) prote ...
Journal of Bacteriology 186:
... opaque phenotype. DPH lifetimes measured by single-photon correlation were practically identical for each opaque-transparent pair, suggesting that the different anisotropy values between the opaque and transparent variants result from changes in membrane viscosity. Membrane dynamic characteristics i ...
... opaque phenotype. DPH lifetimes measured by single-photon correlation were practically identical for each opaque-transparent pair, suggesting that the different anisotropy values between the opaque and transparent variants result from changes in membrane viscosity. Membrane dynamic characteristics i ...
... Strains. The C. neoformans isolates used in this study included strains H99 (serotype A, wild type), Cap 67 (derived from serotype D and lacking a GXM capsule), and 2E-TU and 2E-TUC (serotype D, LAC1 gene deletion and reconstituted laccase mutants) (46). Yeast cells were cultivated in a minimal medi ...
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... C02H-terminal parts can be incorporated into this membrane in vivo [Bremer et al. (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 222, 223 - 2311. The possibility that these fragments can be used, via gene fusions, as vehicles to transport other proteins to the outer membrane has been investigated. To test whether fragment ...
... C02H-terminal parts can be incorporated into this membrane in vivo [Bremer et al. (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 222, 223 - 2311. The possibility that these fragments can be used, via gene fusions, as vehicles to transport other proteins to the outer membrane has been investigated. To test whether fragment ...
Transformations of phosphatidylinositol phosphates in the outer and
... (PIP1s) in Golgi [16,17]. These incongruities in the composition of the membrane continuum brought us to speculation that the membrane biogenesis in the region of ER transiting into ONM may be defining the outer and inner nuclear biomembrane. In the previous study that demonstrated the phosphatidyli ...
... (PIP1s) in Golgi [16,17]. These incongruities in the composition of the membrane continuum brought us to speculation that the membrane biogenesis in the region of ER transiting into ONM may be defining the outer and inner nuclear biomembrane. In the previous study that demonstrated the phosphatidyli ...
... extensive washing, the membranes were incubated in the presence of a peroxidase-labeled anti-human immunoglobulin antibody followed by immunodetection by chemiluminescence (Pierce). To exclude the possibility of nonspecific recognition of samples by secondary antibodies, samples were incubated direc ...
Ion homeostasis, channels, and transporters: an update on cellular
... cation and anion channels exhibit marked selectivity for particular species of ions. For example, certain voltage-gated cation channels select either Na⫹ over K⫹, whereas others transport K⫹ rather than Na⫹. In contrast, the effective function of a carrier-type transporter raises a more complex set ...
... cation and anion channels exhibit marked selectivity for particular species of ions. For example, certain voltage-gated cation channels select either Na⫹ over K⫹, whereas others transport K⫹ rather than Na⫹. In contrast, the effective function of a carrier-type transporter raises a more complex set ...
Localization of Light-harvesting Complex II to the Occluded Surfaces
... The MLH1 mAb is clearly visible on the outer stacked surface (Fig. 4), indicating that the amino terminus of LHC-II is exposed on this surface. There is no apparent labeling on the inner surface (not shown) or on the outer nonstacked surface (Fig. 4). Additional experiments involving CFt removal and ...
... The MLH1 mAb is clearly visible on the outer stacked surface (Fig. 4), indicating that the amino terminus of LHC-II is exposed on this surface. There is no apparent labeling on the inner surface (not shown) or on the outer nonstacked surface (Fig. 4). Additional experiments involving CFt removal and ...
Chloroplast
... Chloroplasts • In the innermost membrane, stacked disks (thylakoids), pigments, and enzymes trap sunlight energy to form ATP and NADPH • Sugars and starches are formed in the fluid substance (stroma) surrounding the stacks • Pigments such as chlorophyll (green) confer distinctive colours to the ch ...
... Chloroplasts • In the innermost membrane, stacked disks (thylakoids), pigments, and enzymes trap sunlight energy to form ATP and NADPH • Sugars and starches are formed in the fluid substance (stroma) surrounding the stacks • Pigments such as chlorophyll (green) confer distinctive colours to the ch ...
Electron microscopy in structural studies of Photosystem II
... are differentiated into stacked (appressed) and unstacked (unapressed) regions. The unstacked regions are termed stroma lamellae whereas the stacked regions form grana membranes. Unstacked regions are termed stroma lamellae whereas stacked regions form grana membranes. Grana membranes are approximat ...
... are differentiated into stacked (appressed) and unstacked (unapressed) regions. The unstacked regions are termed stroma lamellae whereas the stacked regions form grana membranes. Unstacked regions are termed stroma lamellae whereas stacked regions form grana membranes. Grana membranes are approximat ...
Hearing, I: The Cochlea - American Journal of Neuroradiology
... cochlear recess, which lies on the medial wall of the vestibule (Fig 3). As these sound waves enter the perilymph of the scala vestibuli, they are transmitted through the vestibular membrane into the endolymph of the cochlear duct, causing displacement of the basilar membrane, which stimulates the h ...
... cochlear recess, which lies on the medial wall of the vestibule (Fig 3). As these sound waves enter the perilymph of the scala vestibuli, they are transmitted through the vestibular membrane into the endolymph of the cochlear duct, causing displacement of the basilar membrane, which stimulates the h ...
File produced at level 10
... fission and fusion is thrown out of balance (Figure 3; Bleazard et al. 1999; Sesaki & Jensen 1999). Other researchers confirmed a mitochondrial division role for homologs of this protein in different organisms (reviewed in Hoppins et al. 2007; Liesa et al. 2009). Dnm1/Drp1 is very closely related to ...
... fission and fusion is thrown out of balance (Figure 3; Bleazard et al. 1999; Sesaki & Jensen 1999). Other researchers confirmed a mitochondrial division role for homologs of this protein in different organisms (reviewed in Hoppins et al. 2007; Liesa et al. 2009). Dnm1/Drp1 is very closely related to ...
Characterization of a novel phosphatidylinositol 3
... The FYVE domains have been thought of as membranetargeting domains, much like the pleckstrin homology (PH) domains that also bind to inositol phospholipids [10–12]. However, in contrast with PH domains that bind to a variety of inositol phospholipids, PtdIns3P is the only inositol phospholipid that ...
... The FYVE domains have been thought of as membranetargeting domains, much like the pleckstrin homology (PH) domains that also bind to inositol phospholipids [10–12]. However, in contrast with PH domains that bind to a variety of inositol phospholipids, PtdIns3P is the only inositol phospholipid that ...
The Submicroscopic Structure of the Drosophila Egg
... appears considerably lighter than the cytoplasm. The membrane does not show any clear signs of doubleness, but bears a series of pores of about 650 A diameter (Figs. 4,19). The oocyte nucleus retains this appearance throughout the growth of the cell. The nurse-cell nuclei at stage 7 contain much mor ...
... appears considerably lighter than the cytoplasm. The membrane does not show any clear signs of doubleness, but bears a series of pores of about 650 A diameter (Figs. 4,19). The oocyte nucleus retains this appearance throughout the growth of the cell. The nurse-cell nuclei at stage 7 contain much mor ...
Isolation by Calcium-Dependent Translocation to
... from these proteins commonly translocating to all organelles, a protein of 42-kD, migrating as a double band, was associated with the specific granules, but neither with azurophil granules nor secretory vesicles/plasma membranes. Association with the organelles of this protein was detectable at a ca ...
... from these proteins commonly translocating to all organelles, a protein of 42-kD, migrating as a double band, was associated with the specific granules, but neither with azurophil granules nor secretory vesicles/plasma membranes. Association with the organelles of this protein was detectable at a ca ...
Neuromuscular Transmission - Dr. Logothetis
... induce rapid changes, within a few milliseconds, in the permeability and potential of the postsynaptic membrane. In contrast, the postsynaptic responses triggered by activation of G protein-coupled receptors occur much more slowly, over seconds or minutes, because these receptors regulate opening an ...
... induce rapid changes, within a few milliseconds, in the permeability and potential of the postsynaptic membrane. In contrast, the postsynaptic responses triggered by activation of G protein-coupled receptors occur much more slowly, over seconds or minutes, because these receptors regulate opening an ...
Signals and Structural Features Involved in Integral Membrane
... protein, nor full-length histone H1, can target an integral protein to the inner nuclear membrane although they can target cytosolic proteins to the nucleus. The addition of an NLS to a protein normally located in the ...
... protein, nor full-length histone H1, can target an integral protein to the inner nuclear membrane although they can target cytosolic proteins to the nucleus. The addition of an NLS to a protein normally located in the ...
Assembly of AO and DHAS - Journal of Cell Science
... the AO and DHAS from the pellet (Fig. 1C) and no the only species that crosses the peroxisomal membrane. peroxisomal membrane (Fig. 1D). In summary, there is little Having shown that AO is imported as a monomer and DHAS cross contamination between cytosol (in the SUP), matrix and as a dimer, we next ...
... the AO and DHAS from the pellet (Fig. 1C) and no the only species that crosses the peroxisomal membrane. peroxisomal membrane (Fig. 1D). In summary, there is little Having shown that AO is imported as a monomer and DHAS cross contamination between cytosol (in the SUP), matrix and as a dimer, we next ...
Neuron Physiology and Synapses
... depolarization or change in voltage of an amplitude of 100 mv (-70 to +30 mv). When a stimulus is applied to the neuron, at the point of stimulation, the stimulus changes the membrane permeability to the ions. The ions move across the membrane to change membrane potential. If the stimulus is of suff ...
... depolarization or change in voltage of an amplitude of 100 mv (-70 to +30 mv). When a stimulus is applied to the neuron, at the point of stimulation, the stimulus changes the membrane permeability to the ions. The ions move across the membrane to change membrane potential. If the stimulus is of suff ...
Transient light-induced changes in ion channel
... dark (LD) and dark to light (DL) has a significant effect on the dynamics of ion transport processes both on a whole plant and a cellular level. The nature of the initial response to light transitions is likely to provide important information about the factors that are involved in changes of ion tr ...
... dark (LD) and dark to light (DL) has a significant effect on the dynamics of ion transport processes both on a whole plant and a cellular level. The nature of the initial response to light transitions is likely to provide important information about the factors that are involved in changes of ion tr ...
Syntaxin of Plant Proteins SYP123 and SYP132 Mediate Root Hair
... Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are essential molecules in membrane trafficking and constitute a large superfamily in eukaryotes (Hong 2005). SNAREs are categorized into two distinct classes according to their conserved residues within the SNARE motif: ...
... Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are essential molecules in membrane trafficking and constitute a large superfamily in eukaryotes (Hong 2005). SNAREs are categorized into two distinct classes according to their conserved residues within the SNARE motif: ...
With-the-great-explosion-of-use-of
... that the fibrillogenic property of membrane-bound IAPP is largely determined by the chemical nature of membrane lipids. Polar and electrostatic interactions can be stabilized through head groups of the phospholipid, whereas hydrophobic interactions can occur in the lipid chain region. For instance, ...
... that the fibrillogenic property of membrane-bound IAPP is largely determined by the chemical nature of membrane lipids. Polar and electrostatic interactions can be stabilized through head groups of the phospholipid, whereas hydrophobic interactions can occur in the lipid chain region. For instance, ...
SNARE (protein)
SNARE proteins (an acronym derived from ""SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) REceptor"") are a large protein superfamily consisting of more than 60 members in yeast and mammalian cells. The primary role of SNARE proteins is to mediate vesicle fusion, that is, the fusion of vesicles with their target membrane bound compartments (such as a lysosome). The best studied SNAREs are those that mediate docking of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in neurons. These SNAREs are the targets of the bacterial neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus.