Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... lacking functional Shh exhibit decreased synapses. Conversely, the loss of functional Boc leads to a reduction in the strength of synaptic connections onto layer Vb, but not layer II/III, pyramidal neurons. These results demonstrate that Shh is expressed in postsynaptic target cells while Boc is exp ...
... lacking functional Shh exhibit decreased synapses. Conversely, the loss of functional Boc leads to a reduction in the strength of synaptic connections onto layer Vb, but not layer II/III, pyramidal neurons. These results demonstrate that Shh is expressed in postsynaptic target cells while Boc is exp ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... (,15 ms) indicates that they may, like CEm neurons22,23, receive direct input from sensory thalamus24. Cross-correlating spontaneously occurring spikes of simultaneously recorded CElon and CEloff neurons revealed substantial, yet asymmetrical, short-latency inhibitory interactions between the two cl ...
... (,15 ms) indicates that they may, like CEm neurons22,23, receive direct input from sensory thalamus24. Cross-correlating spontaneously occurring spikes of simultaneously recorded CElon and CEloff neurons revealed substantial, yet asymmetrical, short-latency inhibitory interactions between the two cl ...
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... Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the positive effects of exercise on brain function. The benefits of exercise in the brain are mediated through many growth factors, among which BDNF is the most prominent. Early studies in rodents demonstrated that several days of voluntary wheel running ...
... Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the positive effects of exercise on brain function. The benefits of exercise in the brain are mediated through many growth factors, among which BDNF is the most prominent. Early studies in rodents demonstrated that several days of voluntary wheel running ...
Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively
... NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 4:2532 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3532 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications ...
... NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 4:2532 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3532 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... For example, axons of motor neurons that innervate a giraffe’s toe must travel through long distances of complex environment to reach their targets. The elaborate patterns of dendrites overshadow the most complex tree in nature, with the dendritic tree from an individual human Purkinje cell possessi ...
... For example, axons of motor neurons that innervate a giraffe’s toe must travel through long distances of complex environment to reach their targets. The elaborate patterns of dendrites overshadow the most complex tree in nature, with the dendritic tree from an individual human Purkinje cell possessi ...
serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc
... swim motor neurons, pedal 5-HT cells, type 12 interneurons and heart excitor neurons. In all preparations, the cells were chemically isolated through the use of high-Mg2+ solutions. In all cases, the cells were depolarized following the addition of serotonin (Fig. 2) and returned to the normal resti ...
... swim motor neurons, pedal 5-HT cells, type 12 interneurons and heart excitor neurons. In all preparations, the cells were chemically isolated through the use of high-Mg2+ solutions. In all cases, the cells were depolarized following the addition of serotonin (Fig. 2) and returned to the normal resti ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... 200 msec) with both fast (time constant, 15–20 msec) and slow (300 – 400 msec) components. Inactivating and noninactivating components were both blocked potently by external tetraethylammonium (half-block by 150 M) and 4-aminopyridine (half-block by 110 M). The voltage dependence, kinetics, and ph ...
... 200 msec) with both fast (time constant, 15–20 msec) and slow (300 – 400 msec) components. Inactivating and noninactivating components were both blocked potently by external tetraethylammonium (half-block by 150 M) and 4-aminopyridine (half-block by 110 M). The voltage dependence, kinetics, and ph ...
Number and Laminar Distribution of Neurons in a
... L4 with a very high soma density, 3 observers counted 487 ± 2.1% neurons (range 478--498 neurons). 2) We checked that for consecutive slices, all cells at the slice borders could be recovered in the adjacent slice (for an example of 6 consecutive tangential slices, see inset in Fig. 3A) and that the ...
... L4 with a very high soma density, 3 observers counted 487 ± 2.1% neurons (range 478--498 neurons). 2) We checked that for consecutive slices, all cells at the slice borders could be recovered in the adjacent slice (for an example of 6 consecutive tangential slices, see inset in Fig. 3A) and that the ...
Subthalamic Stimulation-Induced Synaptic Responses in Substantia
... performed in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. Public Health Service manual, “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,” and were approved by the Rutgers University Institutional Review Board. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg ip) and perfused with ice-cold artifici ...
... performed in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. Public Health Service manual, “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,” and were approved by the Rutgers University Institutional Review Board. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg ip) and perfused with ice-cold artifici ...
Fine-scale specificity of cortical networks depends on inhibitory cell
... probed with high resolution. For example, by simultaneously recording from (and stimulating) three or more neighboring layer 5 pyramidal neurons, it was found that when two neurons are connected to each other, the probability that they will share input from a third neuron is higher than expected in ...
... probed with high resolution. For example, by simultaneously recording from (and stimulating) three or more neighboring layer 5 pyramidal neurons, it was found that when two neurons are connected to each other, the probability that they will share input from a third neuron is higher than expected in ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... hole (active-inactive) and training days as within-subject factors. Whennose-poke modes across the fixed-ratios schedules for the NIC ever main factor effects were found, post hoc comparisons were pergroup are illustrated in Figure 1A. Rats clearly focused on the formed using the Newman–Keuls test. ...
... hole (active-inactive) and training days as within-subject factors. Whennose-poke modes across the fixed-ratios schedules for the NIC ever main factor effects were found, post hoc comparisons were pergroup are illustrated in Figure 1A. Rats clearly focused on the formed using the Newman–Keuls test. ...
Lecture 6: Stochastic models of channels, synapses
... NMDA receptors Conductance is voltage-dependent (raising voltage knocks out Mg ions that block channel at low V) I NMDA g NMDA Ps (V VNMDA ) ...
... NMDA receptors Conductance is voltage-dependent (raising voltage knocks out Mg ions that block channel at low V) I NMDA g NMDA Ps (V VNMDA ) ...
Cooperation and biased competition model can explain attentional
... Focused attention task and inattentional blindness We model a visual attentional experiment, performed by Everling et al. (2002), that monitors the activity level of single neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of awake behaving monkeys engaged in a focused attention task. In this experiment, a mon ...
... Focused attention task and inattentional blindness We model a visual attentional experiment, performed by Everling et al. (2002), that monitors the activity level of single neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of awake behaving monkeys engaged in a focused attention task. In this experiment, a mon ...
A comparision of Hodgkin-Huxley and soliton neural theories
... Hodgkin and Huxley. With the aid of ionic substitution, they demonstrated that this net current could be separated into two distinct components, a fast inward current carried by Na+ ions, and a more slowly activating outward current carried by K+ ions. Using ingenious voltage-clamp protocols, they c ...
... Hodgkin and Huxley. With the aid of ionic substitution, they demonstrated that this net current could be separated into two distinct components, a fast inward current carried by Na+ ions, and a more slowly activating outward current carried by K+ ions. Using ingenious voltage-clamp protocols, they c ...
neuron number decreases in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial
... adult female rats (compared with males) in the visual cortex (Reid and Juraska, 1992), because removal of the ovaries (but not testes) as late as postnatal day 20 results in equal numbers of neurons in both sexes in adulthood (Nunez et al., 2002). It is unknown whether the late occurring loss of cel ...
... adult female rats (compared with males) in the visual cortex (Reid and Juraska, 1992), because removal of the ovaries (but not testes) as late as postnatal day 20 results in equal numbers of neurons in both sexes in adulthood (Nunez et al., 2002). It is unknown whether the late occurring loss of cel ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
Synaptic and peptidergic connectome of a neurosecretory
... synaptic connections. Such mapping has only been achieved for relatively simple circuits, such as the stomatogastric nervous system of crustaceans where synaptic connections are known and the effect of neuropeptides and the activation of single peptidergic neurons can be analysed experimentally (Ste ...
... synaptic connections. Such mapping has only been achieved for relatively simple circuits, such as the stomatogastric nervous system of crustaceans where synaptic connections are known and the effect of neuropeptides and the activation of single peptidergic neurons can be analysed experimentally (Ste ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... function and in pathological conditions. For hippocampus the normal function includes changes in excitability linked to learning and memory. However, it also is intimately linked to pathological increases in excitability observed in epilepsy. In C–fibers, excitability controls sensitivity to respons ...
... function and in pathological conditions. For hippocampus the normal function includes changes in excitability linked to learning and memory. However, it also is intimately linked to pathological increases in excitability observed in epilepsy. In C–fibers, excitability controls sensitivity to respons ...
Reinforcement, and Punishment Striatal Mechanisms Underlying
... the two striatal output pathways. The most widely cited expression difference between the two pathways are the dopamine Drd1 receptor, which is selectively expressed by direct pathway neurons, and the dopamine Drd2 receptor, which is selectively expressed by indirect pathway neurons. Due to this dif ...
... the two striatal output pathways. The most widely cited expression difference between the two pathways are the dopamine Drd1 receptor, which is selectively expressed by direct pathway neurons, and the dopamine Drd2 receptor, which is selectively expressed by indirect pathway neurons. Due to this dif ...
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... manipulate ionic microdomains, and probe the complex neuronal-extracellular space interactions that regulate neural excitability. The extracellular ionic environment in neural tissue plays a critical role in regulating the resting membrane potential and signaling events such as action potential gene ...
... manipulate ionic microdomains, and probe the complex neuronal-extracellular space interactions that regulate neural excitability. The extracellular ionic environment in neural tissue plays a critical role in regulating the resting membrane potential and signaling events such as action potential gene ...
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... pathological and clinical features of human motor neuron disease and have been extraordinarily helpful in these preclinical efforts (Wengenack et al., 2004; Aoki et al., 2005; Llado et al., 2006; Matsumoto et al., 2006). We have previously shown that human NSCs grafts in the spinal cord of SOD1 G93A ...
... pathological and clinical features of human motor neuron disease and have been extraordinarily helpful in these preclinical efforts (Wengenack et al., 2004; Aoki et al., 2005; Llado et al., 2006; Matsumoto et al., 2006). We have previously shown that human NSCs grafts in the spinal cord of SOD1 G93A ...
synaptic connections of morphologically identified and
... the level where it made synaptic contact. As the plane of the section was coronal and not adjusted to the course of th e axon branches, and because all the boutons were recorded irrespective of their position on the aXOn or th e positi on o f ...
... the level where it made synaptic contact. As the plane of the section was coronal and not adjusted to the course of th e axon branches, and because all the boutons were recorded irrespective of their position on the aXOn or th e positi on o f ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... How does this reduction in response correlation come about, given the prevalence of strong spatial and temporal correlations present in natural visual scenes7, 8 , and given that neurons in a column share common preferences for visual features? Several neural models have been proposed to reduce corr ...
... How does this reduction in response correlation come about, given the prevalence of strong spatial and temporal correlations present in natural visual scenes7, 8 , and given that neurons in a column share common preferences for visual features? Several neural models have been proposed to reduce corr ...
Inferring functional connections between neurons
... The GLM assumes the generative model outlined in Figure 2. It is assumed that the neuron’s propensity to fire, called conditional intensity [29], is affected by three factors: the neuron’s own recent spiking, the recent spiking of other recorded neurons, and correlated inputs from unobserved populat ...
... The GLM assumes the generative model outlined in Figure 2. It is assumed that the neuron’s propensity to fire, called conditional intensity [29], is affected by three factors: the neuron’s own recent spiking, the recent spiking of other recorded neurons, and correlated inputs from unobserved populat ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.