Neurons of human nucleus accumbens
... with the obvious cytoarchitectural differences and lower impregnation quality of some parts of septal region, may be Golgi-dependent characteristics observed in these regions. It is well-known that the Golgi method is neural and highly selective. On the other hand, this technique provides useful inf ...
... with the obvious cytoarchitectural differences and lower impregnation quality of some parts of septal region, may be Golgi-dependent characteristics observed in these regions. It is well-known that the Golgi method is neural and highly selective. On the other hand, this technique provides useful inf ...
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... The analogy between the basal ganglia and actor – critic models builds on the strong resemblance between DA neuron activity and the TD prediction error signal, and between DA-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity in the striatum (Calabresi et al., 2000; Wickens, Begg, & Arbuthnott, 1996) and learn ...
... The analogy between the basal ganglia and actor – critic models builds on the strong resemblance between DA neuron activity and the TD prediction error signal, and between DA-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity in the striatum (Calabresi et al., 2000; Wickens, Begg, & Arbuthnott, 1996) and learn ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... Perception is a first-person internal sensation induced within the nervous system at the time of arrival of sensory stimuli from objects in the environment. Lack of access to the first-person properties has limited viewing perception as an emergent property and it is currently being studied using th ...
... Perception is a first-person internal sensation induced within the nervous system at the time of arrival of sensory stimuli from objects in the environment. Lack of access to the first-person properties has limited viewing perception as an emergent property and it is currently being studied using th ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... tree and on the electrical properties of its membrane and cytoplasm? This question is a fundamental one; its answer will provide the understanding of how the various synaptic inputs that are distributed over the dendritic tree interact in time and in space to determine the input-output properties of ...
... tree and on the electrical properties of its membrane and cytoplasm? This question is a fundamental one; its answer will provide the understanding of how the various synaptic inputs that are distributed over the dendritic tree interact in time and in space to determine the input-output properties of ...
Running Improves Pattern Separation during Novel Object
... molecular layer. As a consequence there might be a 4times larger chance for the formation of new synapses of young cells with axon terminals projecting from the entorhinal cortex. Taken together, the data not only show that the animals make use of running wheels, leading to the well-known increase i ...
... molecular layer. As a consequence there might be a 4times larger chance for the formation of new synapses of young cells with axon terminals projecting from the entorhinal cortex. Taken together, the data not only show that the animals make use of running wheels, leading to the well-known increase i ...
Neurons
... – The dendrites and cell body of a single neuron often receive EPSPs and IPSPs from the synaptic terminals of thousands of presynaptic neurons – The voltages of all the PSPs that reach the postsynaptic cell body at about the same time are added up, a process called integration – If the excitatory an ...
... – The dendrites and cell body of a single neuron often receive EPSPs and IPSPs from the synaptic terminals of thousands of presynaptic neurons – The voltages of all the PSPs that reach the postsynaptic cell body at about the same time are added up, a process called integration – If the excitatory an ...
2011 - Università degli studi di Pavia
... “It seems obvious to me to consider the cells, whose prolongations go directly to form a nervous fibre, as organs with a direct influence on peripheral parts; they would likely be organs connected with motor activity. The other cells, about which I am sure to exclude a direct connection with the fib ...
... “It seems obvious to me to consider the cells, whose prolongations go directly to form a nervous fibre, as organs with a direct influence on peripheral parts; they would likely be organs connected with motor activity. The other cells, about which I am sure to exclude a direct connection with the fib ...
D5 (Not D1) Dopamine Receptors Potentiate Burst
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
Motor Cortical Networks for Skilled Movements Have Reaching
... was used to separate periods of neural activity occurring during task performance from periods of continuous raw data acquisition. Analogue trigger signals occurred when the animal’s reaching forelimb deformed a laser beam and were used to isolate a 3-second epoch of neural data: starting 1.5 second ...
... was used to separate periods of neural activity occurring during task performance from periods of continuous raw data acquisition. Analogue trigger signals occurred when the animal’s reaching forelimb deformed a laser beam and were used to isolate a 3-second epoch of neural data: starting 1.5 second ...
Development and function of human cerebral cortex neural networks
... inhibition playing an important modulatory role. A number of other neurotransmitters are important for cortical function, including serotonin, acetylcholine and dopamine (McCormick, 1992). RT-PCR was used to determine which glutamate neurotransmitter receptors were expressed in stem cell-derived cor ...
... inhibition playing an important modulatory role. A number of other neurotransmitters are important for cortical function, including serotonin, acetylcholine and dopamine (McCormick, 1992). RT-PCR was used to determine which glutamate neurotransmitter receptors were expressed in stem cell-derived cor ...
Inan et al., 2006
... layer IV) on a vibratome (VT1000S; Leica) into 50-m-thick tangential sections. Sections were then mounted and dried for 1 d on a slide warmer at 37°C. Slides were dehydrated and rehydrated in graded alcohol, then fixed in 10% formalin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and stained with 0.2% cresyl violet solut ...
... layer IV) on a vibratome (VT1000S; Leica) into 50-m-thick tangential sections. Sections were then mounted and dried for 1 d on a slide warmer at 37°C. Slides were dehydrated and rehydrated in graded alcohol, then fixed in 10% formalin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and stained with 0.2% cresyl violet solut ...
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... but limited in tolerance to the object transformations. The histogram-based descriptors, for an example, the SIFT features, show great tolerance to the object transformations but such feature detectors are not complete in the sense that they do not take all useful information while trying to achieve ...
... but limited in tolerance to the object transformations. The histogram-based descriptors, for an example, the SIFT features, show great tolerance to the object transformations but such feature detectors are not complete in the sense that they do not take all useful information while trying to achieve ...
…and now, for something completely different.
... Action potentials are triggered only at the nodes and jump from one node to the next (about 1mm) ...
... Action potentials are triggered only at the nodes and jump from one node to the next (about 1mm) ...
ch_12_lecture_presentation
... A myelinated axon, showing the organization of Schwann cells along the length of the axon. Also shown are stages in the formation of a myelin sheath by a single Schwann cell along a portion of a single axon. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... A myelinated axon, showing the organization of Schwann cells along the length of the axon. Also shown are stages in the formation of a myelin sheath by a single Schwann cell along a portion of a single axon. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Insights into decision making using choice probability
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
Chapter 28: Nervous
... 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential • A stimulus alters the permeability of a portion of the plasma membrane – Ions pass through the plasma membrane, changing the membrane’s voltage – It causes a nerve signal to be generated ...
... 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential • A stimulus alters the permeability of a portion of the plasma membrane – Ions pass through the plasma membrane, changing the membrane’s voltage – It causes a nerve signal to be generated ...
embryonic development of the leech nervous system
... The embryonic stages of neural development. Early development of the glossiphoniid leech has been described by Fernandez (1980), Fernandez and Stent (1980), and Weisblat et al. (1980a, b). During the first eight stages of development, the uncleaved yolk-filled egg, which initially is 2 mm in diamete ...
... The embryonic stages of neural development. Early development of the glossiphoniid leech has been described by Fernandez (1980), Fernandez and Stent (1980), and Weisblat et al. (1980a, b). During the first eight stages of development, the uncleaved yolk-filled egg, which initially is 2 mm in diamete ...
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... expressed by KCs [Kim et al., 2007]). Dopamine’s role as a putative aversive reinforcer in fly olfactory learning mirrors, but with reversed polarity, its rewarding role in mammals (Wise and Rompre, 1989; Schultz et al., 1997). While the evidence implicating dopamine as an aversive reinforcement sig ...
... expressed by KCs [Kim et al., 2007]). Dopamine’s role as a putative aversive reinforcer in fly olfactory learning mirrors, but with reversed polarity, its rewarding role in mammals (Wise and Rompre, 1989; Schultz et al., 1997). While the evidence implicating dopamine as an aversive reinforcement sig ...
Leech Heart CPG
... 'allowed' by its contralateral counterpart to do so, or should actively escape its influence. The ‘escape’ is facilitated by the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih). During synaptic inhibition, Ih activates relatively slowly and depolarizes the inhibited neuron, thus allowing for the tra ...
... 'allowed' by its contralateral counterpart to do so, or should actively escape its influence. The ‘escape’ is facilitated by the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih). During synaptic inhibition, Ih activates relatively slowly and depolarizes the inhibited neuron, thus allowing for the tra ...
Action Potentials in Earthworms
... Background In the resting cell, the permeability of the membrane to potassium (PK) is greater than its permeability to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sens ...
... Background In the resting cell, the permeability of the membrane to potassium (PK) is greater than its permeability to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sens ...
Neural Coding 2016
... bridging disciplines and introducing theoretical ideas and methods to neuroscience research. This concept of combining theoretical and experimental approaches has proven highly successful and nowadays plays a pivotal role in the modern neurosciences. Research in neural coding covers neural represent ...
... bridging disciplines and introducing theoretical ideas and methods to neuroscience research. This concept of combining theoretical and experimental approaches has proven highly successful and nowadays plays a pivotal role in the modern neurosciences. Research in neural coding covers neural represent ...
Modeling goal-directed spatial navigation in the rat based on physiological
... LTP elicited by the single initial spike input is not reliable enough to produce strong Hebbian learning. Repetition of the ordered presentation of neighbouring place cell spikes is needed within the LTP window. A STM buffer can accomplish this. There are no initially known patterns and buffering ca ...
... LTP elicited by the single initial spike input is not reliable enough to produce strong Hebbian learning. Repetition of the ordered presentation of neighbouring place cell spikes is needed within the LTP window. A STM buffer can accomplish this. There are no initially known patterns and buffering ca ...
Adaptation of Firing Rate and Spike
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.