The Central Nervous System
... Information travels within the nervous system primarily in the form of propagated electrical signals known as action potentials. The most important information (e.g., vision, balance, movement), is carried by myelinated axons. ...
... Information travels within the nervous system primarily in the form of propagated electrical signals known as action potentials. The most important information (e.g., vision, balance, movement), is carried by myelinated axons. ...
Electrical Synapses in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... few collaterals within the TRN and traveled 0.5–1 mm into adjacent relay nuclei before branching extensively; in some cases, they formed terminal tufts. The chemical synaptic connections between pairs of neurons were tested by evoking single or short trains of action potentials in one cell and measu ...
... few collaterals within the TRN and traveled 0.5–1 mm into adjacent relay nuclei before branching extensively; in some cases, they formed terminal tufts. The chemical synaptic connections between pairs of neurons were tested by evoking single or short trains of action potentials in one cell and measu ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal to noise ratios greater than 3:1 could be recorded. The activity generated by individual neuronal somata was id ...
... power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal to noise ratios greater than 3:1 could be recorded. The activity generated by individual neuronal somata was id ...
General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal
... vary qualitatively between different anaesthetics and depend on which experimental paradigm is being used. Although these effects on memory are of considerable interest to both neuroscience and clinical medicine, they are poorly understood at present and will not be considered in this Review. Tonic ...
... vary qualitatively between different anaesthetics and depend on which experimental paradigm is being used. Although these effects on memory are of considerable interest to both neuroscience and clinical medicine, they are poorly understood at present and will not be considered in this Review. Tonic ...
(< 50 m) non-transfected neurons using laser scanning
... fluorescence (Figure 1). This implies that f << 1. f can be quantified as the ratio De Do . De can be measured from the spread of green fluorescence over time. The low signal levels precluded direct fitting of Equation S1. Instead we measured the integrated fluorescence in a 44-m dendritic segment ...
... fluorescence (Figure 1). This implies that f << 1. f can be quantified as the ratio De Do . De can be measured from the spread of green fluorescence over time. The low signal levels precluded direct fitting of Equation S1. Instead we measured the integrated fluorescence in a 44-m dendritic segment ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... literature inspired by sensory-motor models is the so-called correspondence problem (Nehaniv & Dautenhahn 2002). This problem can be summarized with the question: how is the sensory input from somebody else’s action transformed into a matching motor output by the imitator? For the ideomotor framewor ...
... literature inspired by sensory-motor models is the so-called correspondence problem (Nehaniv & Dautenhahn 2002). This problem can be summarized with the question: how is the sensory input from somebody else’s action transformed into a matching motor output by the imitator? For the ideomotor framewor ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... literature inspired by sensory-motor models is the so-called correspondence problem (Nehaniv & Dautenhahn 2002). This problem can be summarized with the question: how is the sensory input from somebody else’s action transformed into a matching motor output by the imitator? For the ideomotor framewor ...
... literature inspired by sensory-motor models is the so-called correspondence problem (Nehaniv & Dautenhahn 2002). This problem can be summarized with the question: how is the sensory input from somebody else’s action transformed into a matching motor output by the imitator? For the ideomotor framewor ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... pathways which contribute to discriminative vs. reflexive behavior) or those serving different functions within the same pathway (e.g. excitatory vs. inhibitory; projection neuron vs. interneuron). The transfer function of an individual rNST neuron is a consequence of its cellular properties and sur ...
... pathways which contribute to discriminative vs. reflexive behavior) or those serving different functions within the same pathway (e.g. excitatory vs. inhibitory; projection neuron vs. interneuron). The transfer function of an individual rNST neuron is a consequence of its cellular properties and sur ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... current was slowly increased while the electrode was advanced toward the neuron in 1 m steps (LSS-1000 Inchworm Motor Positioning System; Burleigh Instruments, Fishers, NY) until the cell discharge was driven by the injected current. Current pulses were applied for a 10 –30 min period to obtain a r ...
... current was slowly increased while the electrode was advanced toward the neuron in 1 m steps (LSS-1000 Inchworm Motor Positioning System; Burleigh Instruments, Fishers, NY) until the cell discharge was driven by the injected current. Current pulses were applied for a 10 –30 min period to obtain a r ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... Human motor behavior is remarkably accurate and appropriate even though the properties of our own body as well as those of the objects with which we interact vary over time. To adjust appropriately, the motor system has to assess the context in which it acts, including the properties of objects in t ...
... Human motor behavior is remarkably accurate and appropriate even though the properties of our own body as well as those of the objects with which we interact vary over time. To adjust appropriately, the motor system has to assess the context in which it acts, including the properties of objects in t ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... The most common tail response (class A, Fig. 2E) consists of broadly-tuned excitatory responses at and below an upper cutoff frequency (22 kHz in Fig. 2E). The upper frequency edge of the response is sharp at all levels with inhibition sometimes visible at higher frequencies. Auditory nerve fibers i ...
... The most common tail response (class A, Fig. 2E) consists of broadly-tuned excitatory responses at and below an upper cutoff frequency (22 kHz in Fig. 2E). The upper frequency edge of the response is sharp at all levels with inhibition sometimes visible at higher frequencies. Auditory nerve fibers i ...
RH Ettinger - Test Bank 1
... 16. During an action potential, the membrane voltage changes from ________ to about ________ millivolts on the inside relative to the outside. a. –70; 0 b. 0; +50 c. –70; +30 d. –70; +55 Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 17. Local anesthetics such as lidocaine work by a. preventing the release of neurot ...
... 16. During an action potential, the membrane voltage changes from ________ to about ________ millivolts on the inside relative to the outside. a. –70; 0 b. 0; +50 c. –70; +30 d. –70; +55 Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 17. Local anesthetics such as lidocaine work by a. preventing the release of neurot ...
Chapter 2 The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
... the threshold, the cell fires. When this occurs, sodium molecules flow inside the cell through channels, resulting in a +40mV potential (from the -70mV at resting state). Then additional potassium flows outside of the cell, trying to restore the charge of the cell at -70mV. A cellular pump exchanges ...
... the threshold, the cell fires. When this occurs, sodium molecules flow inside the cell through channels, resulting in a +40mV potential (from the -70mV at resting state). Then additional potassium flows outside of the cell, trying to restore the charge of the cell at -70mV. A cellular pump exchanges ...
Phase synchronization of bursting neurons in clustered small
... subnetwork is a SW network obtained from a regular onedimensional lattice of neurons with periodic boundary conditions. Each neuron is connected to its nearest and next-tonearest neighbors. Then we randomly add new connections among neurons in the lattice with a given intracluster probability pi [17 ...
... subnetwork is a SW network obtained from a regular onedimensional lattice of neurons with periodic boundary conditions. Each neuron is connected to its nearest and next-tonearest neighbors. Then we randomly add new connections among neurons in the lattice with a given intracluster probability pi [17 ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... 1993). All of these studies provide evidence for the great ...
... 1993). All of these studies provide evidence for the great ...
new techniques for imaging, digitization and analysis of
... speed of standard laboratory computers, digitizing, reconstructing and simulating these structures no longer requires supercomputing resources, and will become an increasingly important tool in understanding the structural determinants of normal and pathologic neuronal function. At the single cell l ...
... speed of standard laboratory computers, digitizing, reconstructing and simulating these structures no longer requires supercomputing resources, and will become an increasingly important tool in understanding the structural determinants of normal and pathologic neuronal function. At the single cell l ...
Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat
... Orthodromic (‘synaptic’) responses were evoked by brief (200 µs) stimulation of either the border between stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale, normally in CA1c (‘oriens stimulation’), or stratum lacunosum moleculare, normally in CA1a (‘LM stimulation’), using a bipolar, nichrome wire (0.05 mm diam ...
... Orthodromic (‘synaptic’) responses were evoked by brief (200 µs) stimulation of either the border between stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale, normally in CA1c (‘oriens stimulation’), or stratum lacunosum moleculare, normally in CA1a (‘LM stimulation’), using a bipolar, nichrome wire (0.05 mm diam ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS proteoglycans expression seems to be specific for both cortical areas and particular cortical layers. For exa ...
... These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS proteoglycans expression seems to be specific for both cortical areas and particular cortical layers. For exa ...
Pacemaker Potentials for the Periodic Burst Discharge in the Heart
... potentials and superimposed spikes, and is divided into four types, which are: (a) "mammalian heart" type, (b) "slow generator" type, (c) "slow grower" type, and (d) "slow deficient" type. Since axons which are far from the somata do not produce slow potentials, the soma and dendrites must be where ...
... potentials and superimposed spikes, and is divided into four types, which are: (a) "mammalian heart" type, (b) "slow generator" type, (c) "slow grower" type, and (d) "slow deficient" type. Since axons which are far from the somata do not produce slow potentials, the soma and dendrites must be where ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... Using this protocol, 67 well-separated forebrain cholinergic neurons were imaged and 12 of these neurons–8 from P12 brains and 4 from P30 brains–were traced (Figures 2, 3, 4B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Among the traced arbors, nine were in the cortex, two were in the hippocampus, and one was in ...
... Using this protocol, 67 well-separated forebrain cholinergic neurons were imaged and 12 of these neurons–8 from P12 brains and 4 from P30 brains–were traced (Figures 2, 3, 4B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Among the traced arbors, nine were in the cortex, two were in the hippocampus, and one was in ...
Can mechanistic explanation be reconciled with
... mechanisms hypothesized in mechanistic explanations are idealizations. But there is an alternative perspective: such results can be viewed as pointing to the need to supplant mechanistic explanation with an alternative type of explanation that employs an appropriate mathematical framework to accommo ...
... mechanisms hypothesized in mechanistic explanations are idealizations. But there is an alternative perspective: such results can be viewed as pointing to the need to supplant mechanistic explanation with an alternative type of explanation that employs an appropriate mathematical framework to accommo ...
Neurotransmitter Profile of Saccadic Omnipause Neurons in
... for 4 d. The brainstem was cut at 40 pm on a freezing microtome in the transverse plane. A series of equally spaced sections (200 km apart) and all OPN sections were mounted on gelatinized slides and then defatted, rehydrated, and dried in the oven for 48 hr at 40°C. In the darkroom. slides were din ...
... for 4 d. The brainstem was cut at 40 pm on a freezing microtome in the transverse plane. A series of equally spaced sections (200 km apart) and all OPN sections were mounted on gelatinized slides and then defatted, rehydrated, and dried in the oven for 48 hr at 40°C. In the darkroom. slides were din ...
Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... projections is governed by rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning mechanisms that produce a diversity of motor neuron subpopulations with distinct differentiation programmes. Some of the guidance molecules that are involved in elaborating axon projections have also been characterized. However, man ...
... projections is governed by rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning mechanisms that produce a diversity of motor neuron subpopulations with distinct differentiation programmes. Some of the guidance molecules that are involved in elaborating axon projections have also been characterized. However, man ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.