Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... studies in humans and in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease in which high-frequency stimulation in the STN was seen to inhibit activity in surrounding cell bodies for periods of up to several seconds (Filali et al. 2004; Meissner et al. 2005; Welter et al. 2004). However, an important limitation ...
... studies in humans and in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease in which high-frequency stimulation in the STN was seen to inhibit activity in surrounding cell bodies for periods of up to several seconds (Filali et al. 2004; Meissner et al. 2005; Welter et al. 2004). However, an important limitation ...
hormonal control of cell form and number
... Figure 1. The (calculated) dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981) ...
... Figure 1. The (calculated) dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981) ...
PRESYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND CONTROL OF
... Evoked neurotransmitter release requires the invasion of presynaptic terminals by an action potential. The associated membrane depolarization activates voltage-gated Ca2+-channels (VGCCs) within the terminal, including channels that are strategically placed near vesicle docking sites. Ca2+ entry sti ...
... Evoked neurotransmitter release requires the invasion of presynaptic terminals by an action potential. The associated membrane depolarization activates voltage-gated Ca2+-channels (VGCCs) within the terminal, including channels that are strategically placed near vesicle docking sites. Ca2+ entry sti ...
CCNBook/Neuron
... range, it doesn't matter what the gears are made from. Thus, there is a level of transcendence that occurs with emergence, where the behavior of the more complex interacting system does not depend on many of the detailed properties of the lower level parts. In effect, the interaction itself is what ...
... range, it doesn't matter what the gears are made from. Thus, there is a level of transcendence that occurs with emergence, where the behavior of the more complex interacting system does not depend on many of the detailed properties of the lower level parts. In effect, the interaction itself is what ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... TANs might carry signals that are important for rewardrelated learning in the striatum, notably for storing stimulus–reward associations [12,14]. In this regard, it seems that research on the role of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in behavior has influenced our thoughts on TAN functioning [15]. In f ...
... TANs might carry signals that are important for rewardrelated learning in the striatum, notably for storing stimulus–reward associations [12,14]. In this regard, it seems that research on the role of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in behavior has influenced our thoughts on TAN functioning [15]. In f ...
Discharge Rate of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons Is
... Spike-trains were used for further analysis only if their spike waveforms were reliably separated from those of other units during the on-line spike sorting. Each of these spike trains was then analyzed for stability. In this analysis, the rate of each unit as a function of time was displayed graphi ...
... Spike-trains were used for further analysis only if their spike waveforms were reliably separated from those of other units during the on-line spike sorting. Each of these spike trains was then analyzed for stability. In this analysis, the rate of each unit as a function of time was displayed graphi ...
neural representation and the cortical code
... how a feature is encoding by a neuron from the experimenter’s point of view. The neuronal response is treated as the dependent variable, and the experimenter’s goal is to determine the neuronal response for each feature within a set. An alternative perspective is to attempt to determine the stimulus ...
... how a feature is encoding by a neuron from the experimenter’s point of view. The neuronal response is treated as the dependent variable, and the experimenter’s goal is to determine the neuronal response for each feature within a set. An alternative perspective is to attempt to determine the stimulus ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal
... its hands and legs and to put pieces of food into its mouth, after which also chewing and licking could be observed. If the neuron responded to more than one type of sensory stimulation it was classified as polysensory. If the neuron did not respond to any of the afore mentioned stimuli it was class ...
... its hands and legs and to put pieces of food into its mouth, after which also chewing and licking could be observed. If the neuron responded to more than one type of sensory stimulation it was classified as polysensory. If the neuron did not respond to any of the afore mentioned stimuli it was class ...
A neuronal network model of primary visual cortex explains spatial
... takes one of its two possible values randomly, with 0.5 probability. The sparsity factor introduces randomness and sparsity into the connections between excitatory neurons and all the other neurons. ...
... takes one of its two possible values randomly, with 0.5 probability. The sparsity factor introduces randomness and sparsity into the connections between excitatory neurons and all the other neurons. ...
Long-term channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression
... took two forms: elongated cylinders and large, round, calyxlike structures. Cylinders appeared earliest, were most numerous, and were found in layers 2–6, in the white matter underlying electroporated S1, and within the terminal field of callosally projecting expressing axons in contralateral S1. Th ...
... took two forms: elongated cylinders and large, round, calyxlike structures. Cylinders appeared earliest, were most numerous, and were found in layers 2–6, in the white matter underlying electroporated S1, and within the terminal field of callosally projecting expressing axons in contralateral S1. Th ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... food with the stick to the whole holding phase. In contrast, when the experimenter grasped food with the hand (B), during the approaching and grasping phase, there was a complete inhibition of the neuron response. However, the holding phase, similarly to condition A, was excitatory. Thus, the discri ...
... food with the stick to the whole holding phase. In contrast, when the experimenter grasped food with the hand (B), during the approaching and grasping phase, there was a complete inhibition of the neuron response. However, the holding phase, similarly to condition A, was excitatory. Thus, the discri ...
PDF
... neurons in other layers. This input is relatively weak, and is amplified by recurrent excitation of L4 excitatory neurons. Recurrent excitation can be potentially detrimental in leading to hyper-excitation of the circuit; inhibition is therefore required to modulate this excitation. Within all layer ...
... neurons in other layers. This input is relatively weak, and is amplified by recurrent excitation of L4 excitatory neurons. Recurrent excitation can be potentially detrimental in leading to hyper-excitation of the circuit; inhibition is therefore required to modulate this excitation. Within all layer ...
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
... were inserted into the AL in parallel with the antennal nerve. Extracellular activity was acquired with a RX5 Pentusa base station (Tucker-Davis Technologies, Alachua, FL) and a RP2.1 real-time processor (Tucker-Davis Technologies), and spike data were extracted from the recorded signals and digitiz ...
... were inserted into the AL in parallel with the antennal nerve. Extracellular activity was acquired with a RX5 Pentusa base station (Tucker-Davis Technologies, Alachua, FL) and a RP2.1 real-time processor (Tucker-Davis Technologies), and spike data were extracted from the recorded signals and digitiz ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... of these is to measure tuning curves as selected parameters of the sensory stimulus are varied. A neuron is considered to be “tuned” if the response is strongest to a particular value (or narrow range of values) of the stimulus and declines monotonically as stimulus values depart from this “preferre ...
... of these is to measure tuning curves as selected parameters of the sensory stimulus are varied. A neuron is considered to be “tuned” if the response is strongest to a particular value (or narrow range of values) of the stimulus and declines monotonically as stimulus values depart from this “preferre ...
paper - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
... It is well-known that neurons communicate with short electric pulses, called action potentials or spikes. But how can spiking networks implement complex computations? Attempts to relate spiking network activity to results of deterministic computation steps, like the output bits of a processor in a d ...
... It is well-known that neurons communicate with short electric pulses, called action potentials or spikes. But how can spiking networks implement complex computations? Attempts to relate spiking network activity to results of deterministic computation steps, like the output bits of a processor in a d ...
The Neuronal Endomembrane System
... membranous elements such as vesicles and vesiculotubular bodies, as well as mitochondria within these axons were never observed to impregnate. In the remaining axon types with different amounts of myelin, initial fixation temperature could be adjusted so that similar axons shared the impregnation pa ...
... membranous elements such as vesicles and vesiculotubular bodies, as well as mitochondria within these axons were never observed to impregnate. In the remaining axon types with different amounts of myelin, initial fixation temperature could be adjusted so that similar axons shared the impregnation pa ...
Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... cortex and strongly suggest that retinal effects could contribute to perceptual contrast adaptation. Motivated by these in vitro retinal studies, Solomon et al. (2004) examined contrast adaptation in the LGN of anesthetized primates. They found that parvocellular cells are largely unaffected by adap ...
... cortex and strongly suggest that retinal effects could contribute to perceptual contrast adaptation. Motivated by these in vitro retinal studies, Solomon et al. (2004) examined contrast adaptation in the LGN of anesthetized primates. They found that parvocellular cells are largely unaffected by adap ...
Stochastic Model of Central Synapses: Slow Diffusion of Transmitter
... A detailed mathematical analysis of the diffusion process of neurotransmitter inside the synaptic cleft is presented and the spatio-temporal concentration profile is calculated. Using information about the experimentally observed time course of glutamate in the cleft the effective diffusion coeffici ...
... A detailed mathematical analysis of the diffusion process of neurotransmitter inside the synaptic cleft is presented and the spatio-temporal concentration profile is calculated. Using information about the experimentally observed time course of glutamate in the cleft the effective diffusion coeffici ...
Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord
... Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve ...
... Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... scopolamine blocked both effects of HDB stimulation. The enhancement of disynaptic potentials could be due to cholinergic depolarization of pyramidal cells, whereas the suppression of potentials evoked by posterior piriform stimulation could be due to presynaptic inhibition of intrinsic fiber synapt ...
... scopolamine blocked both effects of HDB stimulation. The enhancement of disynaptic potentials could be due to cholinergic depolarization of pyramidal cells, whereas the suppression of potentials evoked by posterior piriform stimulation could be due to presynaptic inhibition of intrinsic fiber synapt ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... neurons that regenerated an axon from the tip of the dendrite, 84%–100% of microtubules in the mid-region of the original dendrite were plus end-distal (Figs. 3A, 3B, and 3E; Table 1), indicating that microtubule polarity orientation in the original dendrite changed during 24 h of culture. Although ...
... neurons that regenerated an axon from the tip of the dendrite, 84%–100% of microtubules in the mid-region of the original dendrite were plus end-distal (Figs. 3A, 3B, and 3E; Table 1), indicating that microtubule polarity orientation in the original dendrite changed during 24 h of culture. Although ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... contrast, subthreshold responses of X-projecting neurons included less-selective depolarizing and highly selective hyperpolarizing components. Within individual birds, these BOS-evoked hyperpolarizations closely matched interneuronal firing, suggesting that HVc interneurons make restricted inputs on ...
... contrast, subthreshold responses of X-projecting neurons included less-selective depolarizing and highly selective hyperpolarizing components. Within individual birds, these BOS-evoked hyperpolarizations closely matched interneuronal firing, suggesting that HVc interneurons make restricted inputs on ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... software simulations shows how faraway humans are in achieving the same efficiency as biological neurons. The power consumed by the software implementations are up to 500 billion times more and neo-cortical simulator result is half of the biological data. An obvious reason for such error in the simu ...
... software simulations shows how faraway humans are in achieving the same efficiency as biological neurons. The power consumed by the software implementations are up to 500 billion times more and neo-cortical simulator result is half of the biological data. An obvious reason for such error in the simu ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.