The dual nature of time preparation: neural
... single pulse TMS was delivered, over the hand area of the left motor cortex (M1), according to seven stimulation times distributed either during the preparatory period or during the RT. Note that when the stimulation was delivered during the foreperiod, the subjects were unaware as to the effector i ...
... single pulse TMS was delivered, over the hand area of the left motor cortex (M1), according to seven stimulation times distributed either during the preparatory period or during the RT. Note that when the stimulation was delivered during the foreperiod, the subjects were unaware as to the effector i ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... Work pioneered by O’Leary and colleagues has shown that RGCs initially send long axonal processes that extend throughout the length of the SC [21]. In a process that is reviewed elsewhere [22], and is mediated by Ephrin-ephReceptor (ephR) counter gradients, each RGC sends an axon that extends almost ...
... Work pioneered by O’Leary and colleagues has shown that RGCs initially send long axonal processes that extend throughout the length of the SC [21]. In a process that is reviewed elsewhere [22], and is mediated by Ephrin-ephReceptor (ephR) counter gradients, each RGC sends an axon that extends almost ...
disparity detection from stereo
... However, existing networks that have been applied to binocular stimuli are either bottom-up self-organizing maps (SOM) type or error-back propagation type. There has been no biological evidence to support error back-propagation, but the Hebbian type of learning has been supported by the Spike-time d ...
... However, existing networks that have been applied to binocular stimuli are either bottom-up self-organizing maps (SOM) type or error-back propagation type. There has been no biological evidence to support error back-propagation, but the Hebbian type of learning has been supported by the Spike-time d ...
Confidence-Related Decision Making
... A,B. When stimulus A (or B) is applied, pool DA (or DB) will usually win the competition and end up with high firing, indicating that decision A (or B) has been reached. When a mixture is applied, the decision-making network will probabilistically choose DA or DB, influenced by the proportion of A ...
... A,B. When stimulus A (or B) is applied, pool DA (or DB) will usually win the competition and end up with high firing, indicating that decision A (or B) has been reached. When a mixture is applied, the decision-making network will probabilistically choose DA or DB, influenced by the proportion of A ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... stomach. Dopamine application to the stomatogastric nervous system when the PD neurons were rhythmically active evoked additional action potentials during the PD neuron interburst intervals. These action potentials were peripherally generated at a region between the STG and the first bilateral branc ...
... stomach. Dopamine application to the stomatogastric nervous system when the PD neurons were rhythmically active evoked additional action potentials during the PD neuron interburst intervals. These action potentials were peripherally generated at a region between the STG and the first bilateral branc ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
... guide their choice. However, with repeated presentation of these choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity could then reflect an AO association, indicating knowledge of ...
... guide their choice. However, with repeated presentation of these choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity could then reflect an AO association, indicating knowledge of ...
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... However, existing networks that have been applied to binocular stimuli are either bottom-up self-organizing maps (SOM) type or error-back propagation type. There has been no biological evidence to support error back-propagation, but the Hebbian type of learning has been supported by the Spike-time d ...
... However, existing networks that have been applied to binocular stimuli are either bottom-up self-organizing maps (SOM) type or error-back propagation type. There has been no biological evidence to support error back-propagation, but the Hebbian type of learning has been supported by the Spike-time d ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... types of proteins and organelles and thus differ in both function and morphology (FIGURE 1). Dendrites are relatively short and thick, and in most excitatory neurons, they possess dendritic spines. Functionally, dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors ...
... types of proteins and organelles and thus differ in both function and morphology (FIGURE 1). Dendrites are relatively short and thick, and in most excitatory neurons, they possess dendritic spines. Functionally, dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... probability (also referred to as spike probability) was defined as the number of presentations (or trials) of a given stimulus for which there was at least one stimulus-evoked action potential, divided by the total number of presentations for that stimulus. For neurons with spontaneous activity, res ...
... probability (also referred to as spike probability) was defined as the number of presentations (or trials) of a given stimulus for which there was at least one stimulus-evoked action potential, divided by the total number of presentations for that stimulus. For neurons with spontaneous activity, res ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... Preparation. An in vitro slice preparation of the goldfish optic tectum (Freeman, 1979a, b; Matsumoto et al., 1983) was employed. Goldfish were anesthetized by immersion in ice water. When all movement ceased, the fish were placed on the stage of a dissecting microscope and the cranial cavity fully ...
... Preparation. An in vitro slice preparation of the goldfish optic tectum (Freeman, 1979a, b; Matsumoto et al., 1983) was employed. Goldfish were anesthetized by immersion in ice water. When all movement ceased, the fish were placed on the stage of a dissecting microscope and the cranial cavity fully ...
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... • how the nervous system receives information from the environment • how the nervous system can store this information • how neural interactions can generate behaviour • the methodologies used to explore ...
... • how the nervous system receives information from the environment • how the nervous system can store this information • how neural interactions can generate behaviour • the methodologies used to explore ...
Fading memory and kernel properties of generic cortical microcircuit
... always a fixed recurrent circuit can be used for generating x(t). In order to analyze the potential capabilities of this approach, we have introduced in [31] the abstract model of a liquid state machine (LSM), see Fig. 1a. As the name indicates, this model has some weak resemblance to a finite state m ...
... always a fixed recurrent circuit can be used for generating x(t). In order to analyze the potential capabilities of this approach, we have introduced in [31] the abstract model of a liquid state machine (LSM), see Fig. 1a. As the name indicates, this model has some weak resemblance to a finite state m ...
Visual Categorization and the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... each of the nine morph lines that connected each cat prototype to each dog prototype (Fig. 1A). There were six levels of blends of cat and dog (cat:dog, 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100) along the nine morph lines that crossed the two-category boundary (the red lines in Fig. 1A) and two leve ...
... each of the nine morph lines that connected each cat prototype to each dog prototype (Fig. 1A). There were six levels of blends of cat and dog (cat:dog, 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100) along the nine morph lines that crossed the two-category boundary (the red lines in Fig. 1A) and two leve ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... 1 or 10 kHz. Acquisition and subsequent analysis of the acquired data these difficulties (Fig. 1 A, B). The dissected brain was glued to an alumiwere performed with the Clampex 10 suite of software (Molecular Denum platform raised at an angle of ⬃18° as shown in Figure 1 A, before vices) and Origin ...
... 1 or 10 kHz. Acquisition and subsequent analysis of the acquired data these difficulties (Fig. 1 A, B). The dissected brain was glued to an alumiwere performed with the Clampex 10 suite of software (Molecular Denum platform raised at an angle of ⬃18° as shown in Figure 1 A, before vices) and Origin ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... with the size of each part as factors, the lack of any significant effect could have arisen because of a zero response to all versions (because that shape is not preferred by the neuron) or may have evoked a constant nonzero response. The latter possibility is interesting because it indicates that t ...
... with the size of each part as factors, the lack of any significant effect could have arisen because of a zero response to all versions (because that shape is not preferred by the neuron) or may have evoked a constant nonzero response. The latter possibility is interesting because it indicates that t ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... enhance the sensitivity of cortical circuits to specific sensory input, important for performance in attention tasks as well as encoding tasks. The reduction in background firing could enhance the detection of subtle sensory input (assuming that the input strongly activates a subset of cells). In ad ...
... enhance the sensitivity of cortical circuits to specific sensory input, important for performance in attention tasks as well as encoding tasks. The reduction in background firing could enhance the detection of subtle sensory input (assuming that the input strongly activates a subset of cells). In ad ...
The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... Dendrites are one of two types of neuronal processes which emerge from the soma. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. In response to afferent information, they integrate the synaptic inputs and generate electrical signals. As far as morphology is ...
... Dendrites are one of two types of neuronal processes which emerge from the soma. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. In response to afferent information, they integrate the synaptic inputs and generate electrical signals. As far as morphology is ...
Document
... strengths of synaptic connections are altered. For example, long-term changes in synaptic connection may result in more postsynaptic receptors being embedded in the postsynaptic membrane, resulting in the strengthening of the synapse. Synaptic plasticity is also found to be the neural mechanism that ...
... strengths of synaptic connections are altered. For example, long-term changes in synaptic connection may result in more postsynaptic receptors being embedded in the postsynaptic membrane, resulting in the strengthening of the synapse. Synaptic plasticity is also found to be the neural mechanism that ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
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... termed the early MZ or primordial plexiform layer, that contains some of the earliest-born cortical neurons. It is split by incoming CP neurons into the superficial MZ and deep SP. Projection (pyramidal) neurons. Representing ~80% of all cortical neurons, these are excitatory (glutamatergic) project ...
... termed the early MZ or primordial plexiform layer, that contains some of the earliest-born cortical neurons. It is split by incoming CP neurons into the superficial MZ and deep SP. Projection (pyramidal) neurons. Representing ~80% of all cortical neurons, these are excitatory (glutamatergic) project ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... 1985). Releaseof endogenousZn to the extracellular spaceappearsto occur spontaneously(Charton et al., 1985; Perez-Clausell and Danscher, 1986), and has been shown to be increased in a calcium-dependent fashion by either high-potassium or electrical stimulation (Assaf and Chung, 1984; Howell et al., ...
... 1985). Releaseof endogenousZn to the extracellular spaceappearsto occur spontaneously(Charton et al., 1985; Perez-Clausell and Danscher, 1986), and has been shown to be increased in a calcium-dependent fashion by either high-potassium or electrical stimulation (Assaf and Chung, 1984; Howell et al., ...
Fig. 1
... change in Hsp90 expression levels. Hence, we studied the morphology and polarization of cultured hippocampal neurons at 3 DIV with or without the previous addition of an Hsp90 specific inhibitor at different times to analyze the consequences of Hsp90 lack of function (Fig. 2C). Neurons were treated w ...
... change in Hsp90 expression levels. Hence, we studied the morphology and polarization of cultured hippocampal neurons at 3 DIV with or without the previous addition of an Hsp90 specific inhibitor at different times to analyze the consequences of Hsp90 lack of function (Fig. 2C). Neurons were treated w ...
Self-Organizing Feature Maps with Lateral Connections: Modeling
... connections, every neuron receives the same vector of external input values. In addition, each neuron has reciprocal excitatory and inhibitory lateral connections with other neurons. Lateral excitatory connections are short-range, connecting only close neighbors in the map. Lateral inhibitory connec ...
... connections, every neuron receives the same vector of external input values. In addition, each neuron has reciprocal excitatory and inhibitory lateral connections with other neurons. Lateral excitatory connections are short-range, connecting only close neighbors in the map. Lateral inhibitory connec ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.