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Neural communication systems
... constraints determine the possible neural systems. If there are more than one such systems, the relations defined above allow to calculate the transition probabilities between these systems. D. Real neural systems The crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is a simple and well-known neural system [11,13 ...
... constraints determine the possible neural systems. If there are more than one such systems, the relations defined above allow to calculate the transition probabilities between these systems. D. Real neural systems The crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is a simple and well-known neural system [11,13 ...
Descartes` Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
... nent findings from neuropsychological research in humans and animals. Further, I propose that human reason depends on several brain systems, working in concert across many levels of neuronal organization, rather than on a single brain center. Both "high-level" and "low-level" brain regions, from the ...
... nent findings from neuropsychological research in humans and animals. Further, I propose that human reason depends on several brain systems, working in concert across many levels of neuronal organization, rather than on a single brain center. Both "high-level" and "low-level" brain regions, from the ...
Autonomic nervous system
... Then leave sacral nerves and form pelvic splanchnic nerve and travel by way of pelvic plexus to terminal ganglia in pelvic cavity Postganglionic fibers terminate in descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and pelvic viscera ...
... Then leave sacral nerves and form pelvic splanchnic nerve and travel by way of pelvic plexus to terminal ganglia in pelvic cavity Postganglionic fibers terminate in descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and pelvic viscera ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... VIIIth nerve was removed. The isolated brain, with the forebrain disconnected, was submerged in iced Ringer solution, and the dura, the labyrinthine endorgans, and the choroid plexus covering the IVth ventricle were removed. Brains were stored overnight at 6°C in oxygenated Ringer solution with a pH ...
... VIIIth nerve was removed. The isolated brain, with the forebrain disconnected, was submerged in iced Ringer solution, and the dura, the labyrinthine endorgans, and the choroid plexus covering the IVth ventricle were removed. Brains were stored overnight at 6°C in oxygenated Ringer solution with a pH ...
A Neural Mass Model to Simulate Different Rhythms in a Cortical
... faster synaptic kinetics (GABAA,fast ). In the following, a quantity which belongs to a neural population will be denoted with the subscripts p (pyramidal), e (excitatory interneuron), s (slow inhibitory interneuron), and f (fast inhibitory interneuron). Each neural population receives an average po ...
... faster synaptic kinetics (GABAA,fast ). In the following, a quantity which belongs to a neural population will be denoted with the subscripts p (pyramidal), e (excitatory interneuron), s (slow inhibitory interneuron), and f (fast inhibitory interneuron). Each neural population receives an average po ...
the superior Olivary complex
... because anatomically it is in a superior position relative to the inferior olivary complex. The term olivary is based on the olive-shaped protuberance on the ventral lateral surface of the medulla created by the underlying inferior olivary complex. The SOC extends from the rostral medulla to the cau ...
... because anatomically it is in a superior position relative to the inferior olivary complex. The term olivary is based on the olive-shaped protuberance on the ventral lateral surface of the medulla created by the underlying inferior olivary complex. The SOC extends from the rostral medulla to the cau ...
Kiecker and Lumsden - McLoon Lab
... functions as a true morphogen in this process; i.e., it is released from a local source (notochord, floor plate) and forms a concentration gradient that specifies different cell fates in a dose-dependent fashion (Dessaud et al. 2008, Lupo et al. 2006). In mouse embryos that were genetically engineered ...
... functions as a true morphogen in this process; i.e., it is released from a local source (notochord, floor plate) and forms a concentration gradient that specifies different cell fates in a dose-dependent fashion (Dessaud et al. 2008, Lupo et al. 2006). In mouse embryos that were genetically engineered ...
Cerebellar Abnormalities Based on Chemical Neuroanatomy
... carries a mutation in the gene encoding for the α1A subunit of the voltage-gated P/Q-type Ca2+ channel (Cav2.1), as do tottering, leaner, rocker and wobbly mice, and is a useful model for human neurological diseases such as episodic ataxia type-2 and familial hemiplegic migraine. Whereas no obvious ...
... carries a mutation in the gene encoding for the α1A subunit of the voltage-gated P/Q-type Ca2+ channel (Cav2.1), as do tottering, leaner, rocker and wobbly mice, and is a useful model for human neurological diseases such as episodic ataxia type-2 and familial hemiplegic migraine. Whereas no obvious ...
Chap 13 Powerpoint
... The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected (by muscle or bone) nerve in the human body. It emerges from the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus to supply the medial half of the hand. Striking the medial epicondyle of the humerus where the nerve is exposed is referred to as bumping one’s ...
... The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected (by muscle or bone) nerve in the human body. It emerges from the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus to supply the medial half of the hand. Striking the medial epicondyle of the humerus where the nerve is exposed is referred to as bumping one’s ...
- Wiley Online Library
... and Tetzlaff, 2001; McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). These processes include excitotoxicity due to excessive calcium transport and mobilization, glial scars formed by astrocytes or meningeal cells, and toxic myelin breakdown products. The corresponding processes and cell behavior in urodele systems wil ...
... and Tetzlaff, 2001; McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). These processes include excitotoxicity due to excessive calcium transport and mobilization, glial scars formed by astrocytes or meningeal cells, and toxic myelin breakdown products. The corresponding processes and cell behavior in urodele systems wil ...
Chapter 13 - HCC Learning Web
... • Are named for inferior vertebra • All other nerves • Are named for superior vertebra ...
... • Are named for inferior vertebra • All other nerves • Are named for superior vertebra ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power-stroke inhibitors (PSIs). We studied the structures and passive electrical properties of these neurons, and tested the hypothesis that different types of motor neurons would have different passive properties that influenced generation of the swimmer ...
... (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power-stroke inhibitors (PSIs). We studied the structures and passive electrical properties of these neurons, and tested the hypothesis that different types of motor neurons would have different passive properties that influenced generation of the swimmer ...
The Subconscious Motor Tracts
... Modulation of sensory transmission to higher centers The motor pathways are divided into two groups Direct pathways (voluntary motion pathways) The pyramidal tracts (corticospinal) Indirect pathways (postural pathways) The extrapyramidal pathways ...
... Modulation of sensory transmission to higher centers The motor pathways are divided into two groups Direct pathways (voluntary motion pathways) The pyramidal tracts (corticospinal) Indirect pathways (postural pathways) The extrapyramidal pathways ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... Ca2+ occurs through gap junctions during calcium wave generation (23). The presence of unbound Ca2+ within astrocytic cytoplasm is known to facilitate calcium wave activation (23). Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3), which is important in the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (24), has also ...
... Ca2+ occurs through gap junctions during calcium wave generation (23). The presence of unbound Ca2+ within astrocytic cytoplasm is known to facilitate calcium wave activation (23). Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3), which is important in the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (24), has also ...
A Brief Overview of Molecular Mechanisms of Depression and its
... anxiety (Ferguson, 2001). Although the exact etiology of depression is unclear, environmental and oxidative stress, epigenetics, and genetics have been shown to contribute to the diathesis of depression. Recent findings suggest the involvement of neuroendocrine, immuno-inflammatory, and metabolic pa ...
... anxiety (Ferguson, 2001). Although the exact etiology of depression is unclear, environmental and oxidative stress, epigenetics, and genetics have been shown to contribute to the diathesis of depression. Recent findings suggest the involvement of neuroendocrine, immuno-inflammatory, and metabolic pa ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... GCaMP series of reporter tools. However, certain blue-lightactivated channelrhodopsins can also be recruited powerfully enough to easily control spiking by raster-scanning two-photon illumination (especially those with the T159C mutation; Prakash et al., 2012, their Supplemental Fig. 4d). Blue-light ...
... GCaMP series of reporter tools. However, certain blue-lightactivated channelrhodopsins can also be recruited powerfully enough to easily control spiking by raster-scanning two-photon illumination (especially those with the T159C mutation; Prakash et al., 2012, their Supplemental Fig. 4d). Blue-light ...
The Nervous System
... In motor neurons, the nerve impulse is generated at the junction of the axon hillock and axon (trigger zone) and conducted along the axon to the axon terminals which are the secretory regions of the neuron ...
... In motor neurons, the nerve impulse is generated at the junction of the axon hillock and axon (trigger zone) and conducted along the axon to the axon terminals which are the secretory regions of the neuron ...
Trapped in endoderm-1 Reveals a Novel Role for Fruitless in
... In a broad sense, behaviors can encompass anything from movement (courtship, nest building, and predation) to regulation (heart rate, breathing, and balance) (Lorenz, 1950). Instinctive or innate behaviors are stereotyped behaviors of an organism induced by specific sensory stimuli, also called a fi ...
... In a broad sense, behaviors can encompass anything from movement (courtship, nest building, and predation) to regulation (heart rate, breathing, and balance) (Lorenz, 1950). Instinctive or innate behaviors are stereotyped behaviors of an organism induced by specific sensory stimuli, also called a fi ...
Identified nerve cells and insect behavior
... Studies of insect identified neurons over the past 25 years have provided some of the very best data on sensorimotor integration; tracing information flow from sensory to motor networks. General principles have emerged that have increased the sophistication with which we now understand both sensory ...
... Studies of insect identified neurons over the past 25 years have provided some of the very best data on sensorimotor integration; tracing information flow from sensory to motor networks. General principles have emerged that have increased the sophistication with which we now understand both sensory ...
13-7 Spinal Reflexes
... Organization of Gray Matter o The gray horns Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei o Gray commissures Axons that cross from one si ...
... Organization of Gray Matter o The gray horns Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei o Gray commissures Axons that cross from one si ...
Monkey Models of Recovery of Voluntary Hand
... via ventral roots remains intact, so that climbing and moving about the cage is only very subtly impaired immediately after the lesion. The use of a restricted and well-defined model allows us to study mechanisms of recovery and reorganization that provide insight into far more serious clinical inju ...
... via ventral roots remains intact, so that climbing and moving about the cage is only very subtly impaired immediately after the lesion. The use of a restricted and well-defined model allows us to study mechanisms of recovery and reorganization that provide insight into far more serious clinical inju ...
Axonal Localization of Integrins in the CNS Is Neuronal Type and
... current study, we have asked whether integrins are transported into sensory axons including DRG and retinal ganglia neurons (RGCs), and into several types of adult neurons including adult cortical neurons, rubrospinal neurons, and we also evaluated early postnatal cortical neurons during their growt ...
... current study, we have asked whether integrins are transported into sensory axons including DRG and retinal ganglia neurons (RGCs), and into several types of adult neurons including adult cortical neurons, rubrospinal neurons, and we also evaluated early postnatal cortical neurons during their growt ...
Functional characterization of the synaptic
... comprise diseases that develop early in brain or as a consequence of head trauma, a tumor or an infection in the adult brain and span throughout life. Although the underlying etiology of the various disorders might be different, all of them lead to similar brain dysfunctions (defects of the sensory ...
... comprise diseases that develop early in brain or as a consequence of head trauma, a tumor or an infection in the adult brain and span throughout life. Although the underlying etiology of the various disorders might be different, all of them lead to similar brain dysfunctions (defects of the sensory ...
Task-induced brain activity in aphasic stroke
... As another example, an interpretation based on retrieval processes rather than on representations was also made in relation to the effects of semantic ambiguity in sentence comprehension. Thus, ‘the shell was fired towards the tank’ is effortlessly accepted as meaningful, despite the two nouns and t ...
... As another example, an interpretation based on retrieval processes rather than on representations was also made in relation to the effects of semantic ambiguity in sentence comprehension. Thus, ‘the shell was fired towards the tank’ is effortlessly accepted as meaningful, despite the two nouns and t ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.