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Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... using materials from [1] and new electron micrographs reported an updated set of data on electrical and chemical connections of the hermaphrodite worm. Although [3] was published in 2011, this updated connectivity dataset had been obtained before, and employed for example, in [4]. This refined datas ...
... using materials from [1] and new electron micrographs reported an updated set of data on electrical and chemical connections of the hermaphrodite worm. Although [3] was published in 2011, this updated connectivity dataset had been obtained before, and employed for example, in [4]. This refined datas ...
Promega Notes: Primer Pairs for Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Analysis
... BDNF and NGF are neurotrophins that exhibit pleiotropic effects across different neuronal cell types in the mammalian brain as well as CNS of lower order species. NGF, the classic target-derived neurotrophic factor, acts through two distinct receptors - p75NTR and the TrkA receptor (1). Many neurona ...
... BDNF and NGF are neurotrophins that exhibit pleiotropic effects across different neuronal cell types in the mammalian brain as well as CNS of lower order species. NGF, the classic target-derived neurotrophic factor, acts through two distinct receptors - p75NTR and the TrkA receptor (1). Many neurona ...
Preferential Origin and Layer Destination of GAD65
... of CBA/C57Bl6F2 fertilized eggs. For this study, heterozygous transgenic mice on C57Bl6 background were used from line GAD65_3e/ gfp5.5 30. In this line, a 6.5 kb segment of the GAD65 gene that includes 5.5 kb of the 5′-upstream region, the first two exons and a portion of the third exon and the int ...
... of CBA/C57Bl6F2 fertilized eggs. For this study, heterozygous transgenic mice on C57Bl6 background were used from line GAD65_3e/ gfp5.5 30. In this line, a 6.5 kb segment of the GAD65 gene that includes 5.5 kb of the 5′-upstream region, the first two exons and a portion of the third exon and the int ...
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... the epiphysis was folded, and in a few cases signs of abnormal folds could be seen in the caudal parts of the hypothalamus. The morphology of these abnormalities are very similar to those described as overgrowth by Patten in human embryos. The intention in extirpating neuromere d was to remove the n ...
... the epiphysis was folded, and in a few cases signs of abnormal folds could be seen in the caudal parts of the hypothalamus. The morphology of these abnormalities are very similar to those described as overgrowth by Patten in human embryos. The intention in extirpating neuromere d was to remove the n ...
Dynamic Stochastic Synapses as Computational Units
... (1996) investigated a network model that involves dynamic synapses from an excitatory neuron to an inhibitory neuron, which sends feedback directly to the presynaptic terminals. They showed through computer simulations that tuning the relative contributions of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms ca ...
... (1996) investigated a network model that involves dynamic synapses from an excitatory neuron to an inhibitory neuron, which sends feedback directly to the presynaptic terminals. They showed through computer simulations that tuning the relative contributions of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms ca ...
- TestbankU
... Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons. 2.1-34. A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells. a. phagocyte b. Schwann c. microglia d. astrocyte e. microtubule Difficulty: 1 Questi ...
... Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons. 2.1-34. A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells. a. phagocyte b. Schwann c. microglia d. astrocyte e. microtubule Difficulty: 1 Questi ...
Morphological Studies of Wobbler Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia
... degeneration results in the denervation of skeletal muscles and eventually to progressive paralysis leading to respiratory arrest. Since first being described by Charcot in 1896, ALS has been investigated intensively and many cellular defects found in animal models have been suggested to cause these ...
... degeneration results in the denervation of skeletal muscles and eventually to progressive paralysis leading to respiratory arrest. Since first being described by Charcot in 1896, ALS has been investigated intensively and many cellular defects found in animal models have been suggested to cause these ...
ppt - Brain Dynamics Laboratory
... • in spike-generating neurons, sub-threshold signals have no effect on the output of the system. Noise can transform such threshold nonlinearities by making sub-threshold inputs more likely to cross the threshold, and this becomes more likely the closer the inputs are to the threshold. • Thus, when ...
... • in spike-generating neurons, sub-threshold signals have no effect on the output of the system. Noise can transform such threshold nonlinearities by making sub-threshold inputs more likely to cross the threshold, and this becomes more likely the closer the inputs are to the threshold. • Thus, when ...
Ectodermal Placodes: Contributions to the
... Specification of neurogenic placodes and pattern formation of their derivatives has been a subject of study for over eighty years, and is still not well understood, but, several genes have been implicated in pattern formation in the derivatives of the otic placode. The lateral line system is unique ...
... Specification of neurogenic placodes and pattern formation of their derivatives has been a subject of study for over eighty years, and is still not well understood, but, several genes have been implicated in pattern formation in the derivatives of the otic placode. The lateral line system is unique ...
Estrogen Actions Throughout the Brain
... neurons, and the basal forebrain cholinergic system as well as the hippocampal formation, a brain region involved in spatial and declarative memory. Thus, ovarian steroids have measurable effects on affective state as well as cognition, with implications for dementia. Two actions are discussed in th ...
... neurons, and the basal forebrain cholinergic system as well as the hippocampal formation, a brain region involved in spatial and declarative memory. Thus, ovarian steroids have measurable effects on affective state as well as cognition, with implications for dementia. Two actions are discussed in th ...
Structural and functional brain network correlates of depressive
... P < 0.05 are reported as significant, with P-values relating to the significance of all the connections within a subnetwork as a whole as opposed to individual connections. Both binary and weighted networks were investigated as both have been reported in the depression literature [Gong and He, 2015] ...
... P < 0.05 are reported as significant, with P-values relating to the significance of all the connections within a subnetwork as a whole as opposed to individual connections. Both binary and weighted networks were investigated as both have been reported in the depression literature [Gong and He, 2015] ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... reconstruct the injections sites across both the rostral–caudal and medial–lateral extent of the SC, as depicted in the dorsal views shown in the left hand column of Figure 2. The retinotopic map was estimated from previously published maps of retinotopy in the SC,1 and placed on dorsal reconstructi ...
... reconstruct the injections sites across both the rostral–caudal and medial–lateral extent of the SC, as depicted in the dorsal views shown in the left hand column of Figure 2. The retinotopic map was estimated from previously published maps of retinotopy in the SC,1 and placed on dorsal reconstructi ...
Contributions of Retinal Ganglion Cells to
... and cones synapse onto their postsynaptic partners, bipolar and horizontal cells. The details of the photoreceptor-to-target-cell communication are presented schematically in Figure 1 and are described in detail elsewhere (Demb & Singer 2015). For purposes of this review, it suffices to say that the ...
... and cones synapse onto their postsynaptic partners, bipolar and horizontal cells. The details of the photoreceptor-to-target-cell communication are presented schematically in Figure 1 and are described in detail elsewhere (Demb & Singer 2015). For purposes of this review, it suffices to say that the ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... In a more complex form, two groups of cells can code for specific features, say lines of two given angles; activation of varying numbers or varying degrees of each set can represent an intermediate feature (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). The degree of overlap is a topological issue (see Section 3.2) that ...
... In a more complex form, two groups of cells can code for specific features, say lines of two given angles; activation of varying numbers or varying degrees of each set can represent an intermediate feature (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). The degree of overlap is a topological issue (see Section 3.2) that ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
... Several groups of dopamine neurons are located in the hypothalamus (A11–A15) but little is known about them with regards to control of the sleep-wake cycle. One study suggested increased activity of the A11 cell group during REM sleep deprivation suggesting they are wake-active (Leger et al. 2010). ...
... Several groups of dopamine neurons are located in the hypothalamus (A11–A15) but little is known about them with regards to control of the sleep-wake cycle. One study suggested increased activity of the A11 cell group during REM sleep deprivation suggesting they are wake-active (Leger et al. 2010). ...
Synapse Formation in the Absence of Cell Bodies Requires Protein
... Kang and Schuman, 1996). The long-term maintenance of synaptic efficacy and the capacity to express activity-dependent changes even in the absence of neuronal cell bodies suggest that local metabolic activity can support synapse function and plasticity. Metabolic support may be provided by transfer ...
... Kang and Schuman, 1996). The long-term maintenance of synaptic efficacy and the capacity to express activity-dependent changes even in the absence of neuronal cell bodies suggest that local metabolic activity can support synapse function and plasticity. Metabolic support may be provided by transfer ...
The autonomic nervous system
... The autonomic nervous system also often operates by means of visceral reflexes. That is, subconscious sensory signals from a visceral organ can enter the autonomic ganglia, the brain stem, or the hypothalamus and then return subconscious reflex responses directly back to the visceral organ to contro ...
... The autonomic nervous system also often operates by means of visceral reflexes. That is, subconscious sensory signals from a visceral organ can enter the autonomic ganglia, the brain stem, or the hypothalamus and then return subconscious reflex responses directly back to the visceral organ to contro ...
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... to a pre-existing cellular asymmetry. This asymmetry is shared between the MP2 precursor and the neuroblasts despite their different division patterns. MP2 divides once to produce two cells of almost the same size, the slightly larger one is born dorsally and the smaller, ventrally. Neuroblasts divi ...
... to a pre-existing cellular asymmetry. This asymmetry is shared between the MP2 precursor and the neuroblasts despite their different division patterns. MP2 divides once to produce two cells of almost the same size, the slightly larger one is born dorsally and the smaller, ventrally. Neuroblasts divi ...
Modeling goal-directed spatial navigation in the rat based on physiological
... hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) to guide movements of a virtual rat in a virtual environment. The model encoded representations of the environment through long-term potentiation of excitatory recurrent connections between sequentially spiking place cells in ECIII and CA3. This encoding requi ...
... hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) to guide movements of a virtual rat in a virtual environment. The model encoded representations of the environment through long-term potentiation of excitatory recurrent connections between sequentially spiking place cells in ECIII and CA3. This encoding requi ...
NIH Public Access
... Inhibitory interneurons are essential components of the neural circuits underlying various brain functions. In the neocortex, a large diversity of GABAergic interneurons have been identified based on their morphology, molecular markers, biophysical properties, and innervation pattern1,2,3. However, ...
... Inhibitory interneurons are essential components of the neural circuits underlying various brain functions. In the neocortex, a large diversity of GABAergic interneurons have been identified based on their morphology, molecular markers, biophysical properties, and innervation pattern1,2,3. However, ...
Gene Expression and the Control of Food Intake by Hypothalamic
... POMC is a polypeptide precursor that, once translated, is extensively modified to produce smaller, biologically-active fragments. The POMC gene consists of 3 exons covering 7.8kb in length. Although all 3 exons are transcribed, exon 1 contains only untranslated sequences, part of exon 2 codes for si ...
... POMC is a polypeptide precursor that, once translated, is extensively modified to produce smaller, biologically-active fragments. The POMC gene consists of 3 exons covering 7.8kb in length. Although all 3 exons are transcribed, exon 1 contains only untranslated sequences, part of exon 2 codes for si ...
NERVE SUPPLY OF ABDOMEN
... Preganglionic sympathetic fibers reach it through the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves. Post Ganglionic sympathetic fibers arising in the coeliac ganglion. Pre ganglionic vagal fibers are derived from posterior vagal trunk containing fibers from both the right and left vagal nerves Sensory fiber ...
... Preganglionic sympathetic fibers reach it through the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves. Post Ganglionic sympathetic fibers arising in the coeliac ganglion. Pre ganglionic vagal fibers are derived from posterior vagal trunk containing fibers from both the right and left vagal nerves Sensory fiber ...
Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping
... Transitivity implies that grouping image elements depends on the context of the scene provided by other elements located at nearby or remote locations. Figure 2B illustrates the role of context through the Gestalt law of connectedness. On the left hand side, the two red dots are positioned on the sa ...
... Transitivity implies that grouping image elements depends on the context of the scene provided by other elements located at nearby or remote locations. Figure 2B illustrates the role of context through the Gestalt law of connectedness. On the left hand side, the two red dots are positioned on the sa ...
Expression of ml-m4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Proteins in
... the cytoplasm of the cells, except for m2 which frequently resulted in a margin of reaction product along the cell surface with much less immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm. Control sections processed with omission of antibody routinely showed only very light diaminobenzidine reaction product in occa ...
... the cytoplasm of the cells, except for m2 which frequently resulted in a margin of reaction product along the cell surface with much less immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm. Control sections processed with omission of antibody routinely showed only very light diaminobenzidine reaction product in occa ...
Brainstem (II)
... A unique cranial nerve that : exit from the dorsal surface of the brain all the lower motor neuron fibers decussate ...
... A unique cranial nerve that : exit from the dorsal surface of the brain all the lower motor neuron fibers decussate ...
Neuroanatomy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo_1909_624.png?width=300)
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.