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Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping
... Transitivity implies that grouping image elements depends on the context of the scene provided by other elements located at nearby or remote locations. Figure 2B illustrates the role of context through the Gestalt law of connectedness. On the left hand side, the two red dots are positioned on the sa ...
... Transitivity implies that grouping image elements depends on the context of the scene provided by other elements located at nearby or remote locations. Figure 2B illustrates the role of context through the Gestalt law of connectedness. On the left hand side, the two red dots are positioned on the sa ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... simultaneously broadcast a message of behavioral importance throughout the cortex (Doya, 2002; Woolf, 1996) but see (Pennartz, 1995), and acetylcholine (ACh) from the basal forebrain (BF) is particularly well-suited to reinforce V1 for a variety of reasons. There is a high density of cholinergic var ...
... simultaneously broadcast a message of behavioral importance throughout the cortex (Doya, 2002; Woolf, 1996) but see (Pennartz, 1995), and acetylcholine (ACh) from the basal forebrain (BF) is particularly well-suited to reinforce V1 for a variety of reasons. There is a high density of cholinergic var ...
Dependence of the input-firing rate curve of neural cells on
... In figure 1, the structure of a neuron is shown. There are three different parts: the dendrites, the cell body with the nucleus and the axon. The dendrites are responsible for receiving inputs of all the neurons that are connected to this neuron. These dendrites are connected to the cell body. This ...
... In figure 1, the structure of a neuron is shown. There are three different parts: the dendrites, the cell body with the nucleus and the axon. The dendrites are responsible for receiving inputs of all the neurons that are connected to this neuron. These dendrites are connected to the cell body. This ...
Neuronal correlates of movement dynamics in the dorsal and ventral
... One potential consequence of these remarkable findings is that all these areas may possibly participate in late motor processing stages —and in particular the ...
... One potential consequence of these remarkable findings is that all these areas may possibly participate in late motor processing stages —and in particular the ...
the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat
... The structure of neurons and axons was studied in the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat with the Golgi methods. The results show that the medial division consists of morphologically heterogeneous neurons. The main types, in descending order of frequency, are medium-sized neuro ...
... The structure of neurons and axons was studied in the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat with the Golgi methods. The results show that the medial division consists of morphologically heterogeneous neurons. The main types, in descending order of frequency, are medium-sized neuro ...
Distribution of Agrin mRNAs in the Chick Embryo Nervous System
... 1992; Ferns et al., 1993), was found only in the nervous system of the chick embryo (Ruegg et al., 1992). In a more recent study, B, and B,, inserts were also detected in the chick ciliary ganglion (Thomas et al., 1993), bringing the total number of variants to four at the B position. Similar sequen ...
... 1992; Ferns et al., 1993), was found only in the nervous system of the chick embryo (Ruegg et al., 1992). In a more recent study, B, and B,, inserts were also detected in the chick ciliary ganglion (Thomas et al., 1993), bringing the total number of variants to four at the B position. Similar sequen ...
Vision`s First Steps: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception in the
... cells that therefore increase their activity. In the dark, photoreceptors depolarize and release more glutamate. Therefore the bipolar cells hyperpolarize. – Off-center bipolar cells have ionotropic receptors that depolarize the cell when receiving glutamate [161, 200]. In this case, when light arri ...
... cells that therefore increase their activity. In the dark, photoreceptors depolarize and release more glutamate. Therefore the bipolar cells hyperpolarize. – Off-center bipolar cells have ionotropic receptors that depolarize the cell when receiving glutamate [161, 200]. In this case, when light arri ...
Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells form functionally
... Although the molecular, anatomical and functional diversity of cortical interneurons is well documented1–3, principal cells are typically grouped together on the basis of their cortical layer and/or subregion assignments. However, several recent observations have suggested that there are distinct s ...
... Although the molecular, anatomical and functional diversity of cortical interneurons is well documented1–3, principal cells are typically grouped together on the basis of their cortical layer and/or subregion assignments. However, several recent observations have suggested that there are distinct s ...
Adaptation of Firing Rate and Spike
... injections were recorded in whole-cell current-clamp mode (Fig. 1). Noise stimuli were chosen over other stimulus types such as steps and pulses because long steps elicit only a single onset spike in these neurons, whereas the effect of adaptation during trains of pulses may be discontinuous and dep ...
... injections were recorded in whole-cell current-clamp mode (Fig. 1). Noise stimuli were chosen over other stimulus types such as steps and pulses because long steps elicit only a single onset spike in these neurons, whereas the effect of adaptation during trains of pulses may be discontinuous and dep ...
tracts - Anatomický ústav 1. LF UK
... Spinal cord is supplied by spinal arteries coming from the branches of the subclavian artery and the descending aorta (aa. intercostales posteriores , aa . lumbales , a iliolumbalis , aa . sacrales laterales). They enter into the spinal canal through the foramen intervertebralia . Another source in ...
... Spinal cord is supplied by spinal arteries coming from the branches of the subclavian artery and the descending aorta (aa. intercostales posteriores , aa . lumbales , a iliolumbalis , aa . sacrales laterales). They enter into the spinal canal through the foramen intervertebralia . Another source in ...
Basal Ganglia
... Recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be reduced or alleviated by stimulating implants placed in the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus or pallidum. The improvement gained from these electrical stimulating techniques depends on the location of the stimula ...
... Recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be reduced or alleviated by stimulating implants placed in the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus or pallidum. The improvement gained from these electrical stimulating techniques depends on the location of the stimula ...
Predictions, perception, and a sense of self
... sampled. For example, if we consider the control of our eye movements during visual searches, this visual “palpation” has natural time constants that are relatively easy to simulate using predictive coding. Typically, we make saccadic movements every 250 ms,6 during which time the evidence for hypot ...
... sampled. For example, if we consider the control of our eye movements during visual searches, this visual “palpation” has natural time constants that are relatively easy to simulate using predictive coding. Typically, we make saccadic movements every 250 ms,6 during which time the evidence for hypot ...
The thalamus as a monitor of motor outputs
... sending a branch to the midbrain, can be treated as a part of a sensory system on the way to the cortex, and when it is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordinates, like centre-surround properties, will be studied. If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is ...
... sending a branch to the midbrain, can be treated as a part of a sensory system on the way to the cortex, and when it is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordinates, like centre-surround properties, will be studied. If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is ...
On the Biological Plausibility of Grandmother Cells
... of single-cell recording studies. The author also contrast local and alternative distributed coding schemes (sparse and coarse coding) and argues that common rejection of grandmother cell theories in neuroscience is due to a misunderstanding about how localist models behave. The author concludes tha ...
... of single-cell recording studies. The author also contrast local and alternative distributed coding schemes (sparse and coarse coding) and argues that common rejection of grandmother cell theories in neuroscience is due to a misunderstanding about how localist models behave. The author concludes tha ...
The limbic system. A maze on the essentials: memory, learning and
... Imaging findings OR Procedure details With our work, we have reviewed the complex anatomy and the function of this cerebral area, with comprehensible schemes and images from conventional MR and advanced techniques, as tractography, clarifying the connections and the integration of this region with ...
... Imaging findings OR Procedure details With our work, we have reviewed the complex anatomy and the function of this cerebral area, with comprehensible schemes and images from conventional MR and advanced techniques, as tractography, clarifying the connections and the integration of this region with ...
Lateral olfactory processing
... odorant receptor thus has a dedicated feed-forward processing channel composed of the population of ORNs that express it, the glomerulus to which they project, and the projection neurons that receive the ORNs’ synaptic output and send their axons on to other structures. The unique segregation of olf ...
... odorant receptor thus has a dedicated feed-forward processing channel composed of the population of ORNs that express it, the glomerulus to which they project, and the projection neurons that receive the ORNs’ synaptic output and send their axons on to other structures. The unique segregation of olf ...
Differential innervation of superficial versus deep - HAL
... bulbo-spinal modulations of both acute and chronic pain in rats (Wei et al., 2010; Gautier et al., 2017), in convergence with a recent report on the effectiveness of selective optogenetic activation of RVM-serotonergic neurons to markedly affect pain signaling in rats (Cai et al., 2014). In spite of ...
... bulbo-spinal modulations of both acute and chronic pain in rats (Wei et al., 2010; Gautier et al., 2017), in convergence with a recent report on the effectiveness of selective optogenetic activation of RVM-serotonergic neurons to markedly affect pain signaling in rats (Cai et al., 2014). In spite of ...
“Parcelation of the White Matter Using DTI: Insights into the
... (figure 4). The corticospinal tract is easily reconstructed within the coronal radiation connecting primary motor areas with the spinal cord and passing through the internal capsule (figure 9). In comparison with non-human primates, the sensorimotor tracts in humans are shifted more posterior (in th ...
... (figure 4). The corticospinal tract is easily reconstructed within the coronal radiation connecting primary motor areas with the spinal cord and passing through the internal capsule (figure 9). In comparison with non-human primates, the sensorimotor tracts in humans are shifted more posterior (in th ...
Chapter 3
... lower motor neurons (Figure 16.7). – Local circuit neurons are located close to lower motor neuron cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord. – Local circuit neurons and lower motor neurons receive input from upper motor neurons. – Neurons of the basal ganglia provide input to upper motor neuron ...
... lower motor neurons (Figure 16.7). – Local circuit neurons are located close to lower motor neuron cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord. – Local circuit neurons and lower motor neurons receive input from upper motor neurons. – Neurons of the basal ganglia provide input to upper motor neuron ...
Chapter 3
... lower motor neurons (Figure 16.7). – Local circuit neurons are located close to lower motor neuron cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord. – Local circuit neurons and lower motor neurons receive input from upper motor neurons. – Neurons of the basal ganglia provide input to upper motor neuron ...
... lower motor neurons (Figure 16.7). – Local circuit neurons are located close to lower motor neuron cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord. – Local circuit neurons and lower motor neurons receive input from upper motor neurons. – Neurons of the basal ganglia provide input to upper motor neuron ...
TOWARDS AN "EARLY NEURAL CIRCUIT SIMULATOR": A FPGA
... As an initial step towards this long-term goal, we have constructed a FPGA-based neural circuit simulator to model the early stages of stimulus encoding and processing in the rat whisker system, which is one particular model of active sensing. The purpose of this system is to examine the possibility ...
... As an initial step towards this long-term goal, we have constructed a FPGA-based neural circuit simulator to model the early stages of stimulus encoding and processing in the rat whisker system, which is one particular model of active sensing. The purpose of this system is to examine the possibility ...
skull - lms.manhattan.edu
... pass from the body to the brain and the brain to the body…. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function. It is composed of endothelial cells, which are packed very tight ...
... pass from the body to the brain and the brain to the body…. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function. It is composed of endothelial cells, which are packed very tight ...
Neuronal correlates of decision
... When forming a decision based on sensory information, where and how in the brain do the neuronal responses that encode the sensory stimuli translate into responses that encode the decision? We investigated this question using a vibrotactile sequential discrimination task (Fig. 1). In this two-altern ...
... When forming a decision based on sensory information, where and how in the brain do the neuronal responses that encode the sensory stimuli translate into responses that encode the decision? We investigated this question using a vibrotactile sequential discrimination task (Fig. 1). In this two-altern ...
E45021924
... Oxytocin released by the suckling stimulus during lactation causes ejection of milk by contracting the myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands. As will be discussed below, other suckling - induced behavioral, physiological and endocrinological changes occurring during lactation also may be caused ...
... Oxytocin released by the suckling stimulus during lactation causes ejection of milk by contracting the myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands. As will be discussed below, other suckling - induced behavioral, physiological and endocrinological changes occurring during lactation also may be caused ...
Visual Properties of Neurons in a Polysensory Area in Superior
... Most STP units, 70% of the 199 tested, had little or no preference for stimulus size, shape, orientation, or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of the ...
... Most STP units, 70% of the 199 tested, had little or no preference for stimulus size, shape, orientation, or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of the ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.