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Neural ensemble dynamics underlying a long
... over 6 days in behaving mice. Fear conditioning induced both up- and down-regulation of individual cells’ CS-evoked responses. This bi-directional plasticity mainly occurred after conditioning, and reshaped the neural ensemble representation of the CS to become more similar to the US representation. ...
... over 6 days in behaving mice. Fear conditioning induced both up- and down-regulation of individual cells’ CS-evoked responses. This bi-directional plasticity mainly occurred after conditioning, and reshaped the neural ensemble representation of the CS to become more similar to the US representation. ...
Neuronal Control of Mucus Secretion by Leeches: Toward a General
... quantitative distribution of serotonin in molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and vertebrates corresponds approximately with mucosecretory structures. Serotonin appears also to control other secretory functions in some of these animals. It is proposed therefore that serotonin might often function in con ...
... quantitative distribution of serotonin in molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and vertebrates corresponds approximately with mucosecretory structures. Serotonin appears also to control other secretory functions in some of these animals. It is proposed therefore that serotonin might often function in con ...
Slide 1 - Brainstem Wiki
... dorsal column pathway that may mediate visceral pain. The afferent input to the sacral spinal cord from a pelvic visceral organ is shown by a drawing of a dorsal root ganglion cell and its peripheral and central processes. The afferent connects with a circuit that activates a projection neuron locat ...
... dorsal column pathway that may mediate visceral pain. The afferent input to the sacral spinal cord from a pelvic visceral organ is shown by a drawing of a dorsal root ganglion cell and its peripheral and central processes. The afferent connects with a circuit that activates a projection neuron locat ...
Raphe Magnus Neurons Respond to Noxious Colorectal Distension
... Animals were overdosed with 5% halothane and perfused with a fixative containing 4% paraformaldehyde and 7% sucrose in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline. The brain stem was removed, postfixed for 2–12 h, and then immersed in 30% sucrose in 0.1 M PBS. Coronal sections (50 m) were cut on a freezing mic ...
... Animals were overdosed with 5% halothane and perfused with a fixative containing 4% paraformaldehyde and 7% sucrose in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline. The brain stem was removed, postfixed for 2–12 h, and then immersed in 30% sucrose in 0.1 M PBS. Coronal sections (50 m) were cut on a freezing mic ...
How humans distinguish between smells
... “stink bomb” have proved unsuccessful. The military could not find a single odor that proved to be repulsive when described by a variety of ethnic groups (Dilkes, Dalton & Beauchamp, 1999). Why is this? What makes one human perceive an odor as pleasant while others do not? In order to understand how ...
... “stink bomb” have proved unsuccessful. The military could not find a single odor that proved to be repulsive when described by a variety of ethnic groups (Dilkes, Dalton & Beauchamp, 1999). Why is this? What makes one human perceive an odor as pleasant while others do not? In order to understand how ...
FAOI2011.Osumi-Suthe..
... Where X can be: a functionally defined class (see FUNCARO) a set of high level anatomical classes e.g.- vertebrate muscloskeletal system might be: The mereological sum of all muscles, ligaments, bones, tendons, cartillage and joints ...
... Where X can be: a functionally defined class (see FUNCARO) a set of high level anatomical classes e.g.- vertebrate muscloskeletal system might be: The mereological sum of all muscles, ligaments, bones, tendons, cartillage and joints ...
fMRI can see M1, premotor activity Corresponding to Individual
... Unlike with animals, in humans, electrophysiology and other invasive measurement of brain activity can generally not be used to identify brain activity corresponding to activity of individual muscles. Further, it is believed that the spatial resolution of noninvasive brain imaging modalities is not ...
... Unlike with animals, in humans, electrophysiology and other invasive measurement of brain activity can generally not be used to identify brain activity corresponding to activity of individual muscles. Further, it is believed that the spatial resolution of noninvasive brain imaging modalities is not ...
NMDA and AMPA Receptors: Development and Status Epilepticus
... plasticity) as well as pathological mechanisms (development of epilepsy, neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson, Alzheimer or Huntington diseases). NMDA receptors are ubiquitously distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). They are located mainly postsynaptically, but some of them ...
... plasticity) as well as pathological mechanisms (development of epilepsy, neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson, Alzheimer or Huntington diseases). NMDA receptors are ubiquitously distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). They are located mainly postsynaptically, but some of them ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1205
... Llinas and others, we largely understand the synaptic organization and physiology of the cerebellum8-11. Similarly, analysis of cerebellardependent forms of learning such as Pavlovian eyelid conditioning and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex has revealed the types of information carried by c ...
... Llinas and others, we largely understand the synaptic organization and physiology of the cerebellum8-11. Similarly, analysis of cerebellardependent forms of learning such as Pavlovian eyelid conditioning and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex has revealed the types of information carried by c ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
... while leaving intact the maximal extent of inhibition.21 The mutation also results in a shift in the voltage dependence of Cav2.1 channels.21 Nevertheless, this mouse permitted study of the role of a functionally responsive Ca2+ channel with preserved expression levels, but compromised primarily in ...
... while leaving intact the maximal extent of inhibition.21 The mutation also results in a shift in the voltage dependence of Cav2.1 channels.21 Nevertheless, this mouse permitted study of the role of a functionally responsive Ca2+ channel with preserved expression levels, but compromised primarily in ...
Mietzsch U, McKenna J 3rd, Reith RM, Way SW, Gambello MJ. Comparative analysis of Tsc1 and Tsc2 single and double radial glial cell mutants. J Comp Neurol. 2013 Nov. 521(16):3817-31.
... A hallmark of TSC is extreme inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic variability (Sancak et al., 2005; Au et al., 2007). Differences in phenotypes within a family are likely related to stochastic events, modifier genes, and possibly environmental influences. Genotype–phenotype studies suggest that TSC2- ...
... A hallmark of TSC is extreme inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic variability (Sancak et al., 2005; Au et al., 2007). Differences in phenotypes within a family are likely related to stochastic events, modifier genes, and possibly environmental influences. Genotype–phenotype studies suggest that TSC2- ...
Brain oscillations in perception and memory
... Fig. 3. ŽA. Ten randomly selected single EEG-EP trials filtered with digital filters of 30]50 Hz. U , average of these trials. Stimulation is applied at time ‘0 ms’. ŽB. Ten single EEG-EP trials, digitally filtered Ž30]50 Hz. and selected for high enhancement, i.e. high amplitude increase after stim ...
... Fig. 3. ŽA. Ten randomly selected single EEG-EP trials filtered with digital filters of 30]50 Hz. U , average of these trials. Stimulation is applied at time ‘0 ms’. ŽB. Ten single EEG-EP trials, digitally filtered Ž30]50 Hz. and selected for high enhancement, i.e. high amplitude increase after stim ...
A View from the Nervous System - Columbia University Medical Center
... the remarkable information processing capacity of the central nervous system. Thus, one goal of studies of neural cell fate determination not attainable through the use of other tissues is to understand the logic that controls the later assembly of neuronal circuits. Problems posed by the number and ...
... the remarkable information processing capacity of the central nervous system. Thus, one goal of studies of neural cell fate determination not attainable through the use of other tissues is to understand the logic that controls the later assembly of neuronal circuits. Problems posed by the number and ...
Structure–function relationship of working memory activity with
... MFG, and IFG, respectively), and the volume of the thalamus and hippocampus. Volumes of the MFG and IFG were included because dorso- and ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex is a critical component of the working memory system. The thalamus is also an important component of the working memory system (Mi ...
... MFG, and IFG, respectively), and the volume of the thalamus and hippocampus. Volumes of the MFG and IFG were included because dorso- and ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex is a critical component of the working memory system. The thalamus is also an important component of the working memory system (Mi ...
A Neuronal Is Required Stimulation Cell Surface
... glass cover slips (22 mm) (Bellco Glass, Inc., Vineland, NJ), coated with ammoniated rat tail collagen. Alternatively, 40-gangha equivalents of cells were plated in 3 ml of serum-containing medium onto collagen-coated tissue culture plastic lids from 35-mm dishes. In either case, cultures were re-fe ...
... glass cover slips (22 mm) (Bellco Glass, Inc., Vineland, NJ), coated with ammoniated rat tail collagen. Alternatively, 40-gangha equivalents of cells were plated in 3 ml of serum-containing medium onto collagen-coated tissue culture plastic lids from 35-mm dishes. In either case, cultures were re-fe ...
Immunohistochemical Identification of Phosphorylated Extracellular
... involved in a complex intracellular signaling cascade that controls various neurobiological effects, including neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity, producing activity-dependent regulation of neuronal function in the ...
... involved in a complex intracellular signaling cascade that controls various neurobiological effects, including neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity, producing activity-dependent regulation of neuronal function in the ...
The Two Sides of Mimesis
... after all, equally describable as empathic creatures, capable of fellow feelings, love, and altruism? Furthermore, one could argue that mimesis not only generates violence, but also art, culture and creativity. However, although there is no doubt that Girard’s emphasis is mostly on human violence, t ...
... after all, equally describable as empathic creatures, capable of fellow feelings, love, and altruism? Furthermore, one could argue that mimesis not only generates violence, but also art, culture and creativity. However, although there is no doubt that Girard’s emphasis is mostly on human violence, t ...
Document
... Because every ganglion cell occupies a unique position in space, and because extracellular signals decay rapidly with distance, each ganglion cell produces a unique pattern of activity on the dense array This unique pattern can be used to identify the source of overlapping spikes, which might appear ...
... Because every ganglion cell occupies a unique position in space, and because extracellular signals decay rapidly with distance, each ganglion cell produces a unique pattern of activity on the dense array This unique pattern can be used to identify the source of overlapping spikes, which might appear ...
Layer Specification of Transplanted Interneurons in Developing
... to one of 10 bins radially superimposed on the area between white matter (adjacent bin 1) and pial surface (adjacent bin 10). Numerical data from six brains in each category were tabulated as histograms to indicate their cortical depths. Adjacent coronal sections (10 m) were used for immunocytochem ...
... to one of 10 bins radially superimposed on the area between white matter (adjacent bin 1) and pial surface (adjacent bin 10). Numerical data from six brains in each category were tabulated as histograms to indicate their cortical depths. Adjacent coronal sections (10 m) were used for immunocytochem ...
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Inflammatory and Degenerative Brain
... Indirect evidence of COX-2 involvement in synaptic plasticity has been obtained in the recent years by using COX inhibitors in in vivo and in vitro models of synaptic plasticity. COX-2 inhibitors, but not COX-1 selective inhibitors, administered systemically shortly after training in the Morris wate ...
... Indirect evidence of COX-2 involvement in synaptic plasticity has been obtained in the recent years by using COX inhibitors in in vivo and in vitro models of synaptic plasticity. COX-2 inhibitors, but not COX-1 selective inhibitors, administered systemically shortly after training in the Morris wate ...
Fichamento do artigo: PANGARO, Paul. Cybernetics, A Definition
... In working to derive functional models common to all systems, early cybernetic researchers quickly realized that their "science of observed systems" cannot be divorced from "a science of observing systems" — because it is we who observe [von Foerster 1974]. The cybernetic approach is centrally conce ...
... In working to derive functional models common to all systems, early cybernetic researchers quickly realized that their "science of observed systems" cannot be divorced from "a science of observing systems" — because it is we who observe [von Foerster 1974]. The cybernetic approach is centrally conce ...
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and the cognitive map
... In further simulations, theta-coded neural dynamics are dictated by a phenomenological phase precession model (O’Keefe and Recce, 1993; O’Keefe, 2007; Huxter et al., 2008). A variable θ, which oscillates sinsuoidally in the range (0:1) at a rate of 8 Hz, is used to represent theoretical theta freque ...
... In further simulations, theta-coded neural dynamics are dictated by a phenomenological phase precession model (O’Keefe and Recce, 1993; O’Keefe, 2007; Huxter et al., 2008). A variable θ, which oscillates sinsuoidally in the range (0:1) at a rate of 8 Hz, is used to represent theoretical theta freque ...
The Peripheral Nervous System
... specialist recognizes the problem as meningitis, but the question is what caused it originally. How can that be cured? The loss of vision comes from swelling around the optic nerve, which probably presented as a bulge on the inside of the eye. Why is swelling related to meningitis going to push on t ...
... specialist recognizes the problem as meningitis, but the question is what caused it originally. How can that be cured? The loss of vision comes from swelling around the optic nerve, which probably presented as a bulge on the inside of the eye. Why is swelling related to meningitis going to push on t ...
Neuronal and microglial cathepsins in aging and age
... members of cathepsins are also involved in extracellular proteolysis resulting in pathological conditions. Leakage of cathepsins into the cytoplasm is often achieved by the endocytosis of oxidizable substrates that destabilize the lysosomal membranes through lipid peroxidation. It has been proposed ...
... members of cathepsins are also involved in extracellular proteolysis resulting in pathological conditions. Leakage of cathepsins into the cytoplasm is often achieved by the endocytosis of oxidizable substrates that destabilize the lysosomal membranes through lipid peroxidation. It has been proposed ...
Reward and Aversion
... (DA) was once considered almost synonymous with reward, but investigation of exactly which of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitte ...
... (DA) was once considered almost synonymous with reward, but investigation of exactly which of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitte ...
Neuroanatomy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo_1909_624.png?width=300)
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.