Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of
... (GFAP). Such hypertrophy shows that glial cells are inflamed and degenerating. With reduced mastication, hypertrophied astrocytes are evident in the CA1 subfield (22, 23), implying that the reduced mastication increases the production of cytokines such as interleukins from the microglia to cause the ...
... (GFAP). Such hypertrophy shows that glial cells are inflamed and degenerating. With reduced mastication, hypertrophied astrocytes are evident in the CA1 subfield (22, 23), implying that the reduced mastication increases the production of cytokines such as interleukins from the microglia to cause the ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... Data analysis. We identified a single neuron type with vocal-related activity, which was active mostly during fictive fast trills [“fast-trill neurons” (FTNs)]. FTNs were used for further analysis if their membrane potentials were recorded during at least five fictive advertisement calls. Vocal-rela ...
... Data analysis. We identified a single neuron type with vocal-related activity, which was active mostly during fictive fast trills [“fast-trill neurons” (FTNs)]. FTNs were used for further analysis if their membrane potentials were recorded during at least five fictive advertisement calls. Vocal-rela ...
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... Pennartz and Lopes da Silva 1994, Uchimura et al. 1989). Moreover, we found that D-PPR was greater than V-PPR (Fig. 4A), suggesting that glutamatergic afferent properties are different between dorsal and ventral afferent fibers within the NAc core. The specific pathways of the ventral and dorsal NAc ...
... Pennartz and Lopes da Silva 1994, Uchimura et al. 1989). Moreover, we found that D-PPR was greater than V-PPR (Fig. 4A), suggesting that glutamatergic afferent properties are different between dorsal and ventral afferent fibers within the NAc core. The specific pathways of the ventral and dorsal NAc ...
Coding in the Granular Layer of the Cerebellum
... Compared to the initially widespread projections in the young animal, adult projections are more restricted and the continuous lamellar pattern is broken into pieces, described as patches or clusters within lamellar regions (Bjaalie et al., 1997; Leergaard and Bjaalie, 1998, Leergaard et al., 2000a) ...
... Compared to the initially widespread projections in the young animal, adult projections are more restricted and the continuous lamellar pattern is broken into pieces, described as patches or clusters within lamellar regions (Bjaalie et al., 1997; Leergaard and Bjaalie, 1998, Leergaard et al., 2000a) ...
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... As Cabanis succinctly expressed, the brain secretes thought as the liver secretes bile [3]. The philosopher and physiologist might have added that the brain colors thoughts with emotions just as bilirubin gives bile its yellowish hue. This emotional component opens us to the joys and tragedies of li ...
... As Cabanis succinctly expressed, the brain secretes thought as the liver secretes bile [3]. The philosopher and physiologist might have added that the brain colors thoughts with emotions just as bilirubin gives bile its yellowish hue. This emotional component opens us to the joys and tragedies of li ...
What Causes Eye Pain? | SpringerLink
... evoking chronic inflammatory pain. When trauma, infections, or metabolic processes directly damage eye nerve terminals, these display aberrant impulse firing due to an abnormal expression of transducing and excitabilitymodulating ion channels. This malfunction evokes ‘neuropathic pain’ which may als ...
... evoking chronic inflammatory pain. When trauma, infections, or metabolic processes directly damage eye nerve terminals, these display aberrant impulse firing due to an abnormal expression of transducing and excitabilitymodulating ion channels. This malfunction evokes ‘neuropathic pain’ which may als ...
Non-NMDA and NMDA receptors transmit area postrema input to
... mmHg, and pH 5 7.35–7.45) by adjustment of the ventilation rate or intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate. Rectal temperature was maintained within 37 6 1°C with a servocontrolled water blanket and a heat lamp. The electrocardiogram was recorded with subcutaneous electrodes for measuring heart r ...
... mmHg, and pH 5 7.35–7.45) by adjustment of the ventilation rate or intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate. Rectal temperature was maintained within 37 6 1°C with a servocontrolled water blanket and a heat lamp. The electrocardiogram was recorded with subcutaneous electrodes for measuring heart r ...
Nuclear receptor coactivators: Regulators of steroid action in brain
... in these mice SRC-2 is up-regulated in steroid sensitive tissues, including brain and testes, suggesting that increased expression of SRC-2 compensates for the loss of SRC-1 (91). Therefore, studying the regulation of coactivator expression is essential to understanding hormone action in brain. A nu ...
... in these mice SRC-2 is up-regulated in steroid sensitive tissues, including brain and testes, suggesting that increased expression of SRC-2 compensates for the loss of SRC-1 (91). Therefore, studying the regulation of coactivator expression is essential to understanding hormone action in brain. A nu ...
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... 1. On collagen supports. The procedure was as described under method 2 above except that the cells were plated at a density of approximately ten times less. It was found possible to measure only the maximum lengths of the fibres produced by individual cells and to determine the number of bipolar and ...
... 1. On collagen supports. The procedure was as described under method 2 above except that the cells were plated at a density of approximately ten times less. It was found possible to measure only the maximum lengths of the fibres produced by individual cells and to determine the number of bipolar and ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... saccade to a specific target maintained throughout the delay period. If that were the case, one would expect arousal parameters, such as task performance, saccade latency, and velocity, to differ between the two tasks. They did not. In the successful trials from which neuronal ...
... saccade to a specific target maintained throughout the delay period. If that were the case, one would expect arousal parameters, such as task performance, saccade latency, and velocity, to differ between the two tasks. They did not. In the successful trials from which neuronal ...
Cranial Nerve VII
... generate action potentials in response to the taste bud's receptor potentials. The peripheral processes of these neurons follow the lingual nerve and then chorda tympani to the petrous portion of the temporal bone (similar to the path followed by the efferent visceral motor fibers). ...
... generate action potentials in response to the taste bud's receptor potentials. The peripheral processes of these neurons follow the lingual nerve and then chorda tympani to the petrous portion of the temporal bone (similar to the path followed by the efferent visceral motor fibers). ...
Basilar artery aneurysm with autonomic features: an interesting
... via the trigeminovascular system. These disorders include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania and SUNCT (short lasting neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing) syndrome, which may be collectively described as trigeminal autonomic cephalgias.5 A lesser degree of parasympathe ...
... via the trigeminovascular system. These disorders include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania and SUNCT (short lasting neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing) syndrome, which may be collectively described as trigeminal autonomic cephalgias.5 A lesser degree of parasympathe ...
synaptic connections of morphologically identified and
... Electron microscopic examination of the second basket cell showed a large lobulated nucleus and a high density of mitochondria in both the perikarya and dendrites. The soma and dendrites were densely covered by synaptic terminals. The axons of the second and third cells were myelinated up to the ter ...
... Electron microscopic examination of the second basket cell showed a large lobulated nucleus and a high density of mitochondria in both the perikarya and dendrites. The soma and dendrites were densely covered by synaptic terminals. The axons of the second and third cells were myelinated up to the ter ...
Visuomotor development
... in terms of the inverse kinematics problem and coordinate system transformation cannot be taken literally, but rather as a metaphor of how the motor system processes information (Kalaska, 1995). It is also believed that understanding of how basic visuomotor coupling is implemented in the brain does ...
... in terms of the inverse kinematics problem and coordinate system transformation cannot be taken literally, but rather as a metaphor of how the motor system processes information (Kalaska, 1995). It is also believed that understanding of how basic visuomotor coupling is implemented in the brain does ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... It has now been widely agreed that the PPN is composed by a mixture of neurons of different sizes, of different neurochemical phenotype and with distinct connectivity. Cholinergic neurons represent a minority of the neurons in the PPN and are intermingled amongst a large number of GABAergic and glut ...
... It has now been widely agreed that the PPN is composed by a mixture of neurons of different sizes, of different neurochemical phenotype and with distinct connectivity. Cholinergic neurons represent a minority of the neurons in the PPN and are intermingled amongst a large number of GABAergic and glut ...
Bayer Exp Br Res 1983
... formalin on P60. The brains were kept for 24 h in Bouin's fixative, then transferred to 10% neutral formalin until they were embed ded 'in paraffin. The brains of at least five to six animals from each group were blocked coronally according to the stereotaxic angle of the Pellegrino et al. (1979) a ...
... formalin on P60. The brains were kept for 24 h in Bouin's fixative, then transferred to 10% neutral formalin until they were embed ded 'in paraffin. The brains of at least five to six animals from each group were blocked coronally according to the stereotaxic angle of the Pellegrino et al. (1979) a ...
Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology
... Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System The Neuron Soma – Cell body Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from other neurons Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent Synapses – Small ga ...
... Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System The Neuron Soma – Cell body Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from other neurons Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent Synapses – Small ga ...
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... connected to a computer. As negative controls, immunostaining of tissue sections was processed without primary antibodies. Dissection and identification of ORNs The dissection and identification of olfactory receptor neurons were conducted as described by Ni et al. (2008). The olfactory receptor neu ...
... connected to a computer. As negative controls, immunostaining of tissue sections was processed without primary antibodies. Dissection and identification of ORNs The dissection and identification of olfactory receptor neurons were conducted as described by Ni et al. (2008). The olfactory receptor neu ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... the loss of motor control. Although the goal of most SCI treatments is to re-establish neural connections, a potential complication in restoring motor function is that SCI may result in anatomical and functional changes in brain areas controlling motor output. Some animal investigations show cell de ...
... the loss of motor control. Although the goal of most SCI treatments is to re-establish neural connections, a potential complication in restoring motor function is that SCI may result in anatomical and functional changes in brain areas controlling motor output. Some animal investigations show cell de ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... pick up objects, illustrated in Figure 10-5. In using the pincer grip, we hold an object between the thumb and index finger. This grip not only allows small objects to be picked up easily, but also allows whatever is held to be used with considerable skill. In contrast, in using the power grasp (Fig ...
... pick up objects, illustrated in Figure 10-5. In using the pincer grip, we hold an object between the thumb and index finger. This grip not only allows small objects to be picked up easily, but also allows whatever is held to be used with considerable skill. In contrast, in using the power grasp (Fig ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... Procedures used in this study were approved by Washington University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–1 ...
... Procedures used in this study were approved by Washington University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–1 ...
REVIEWS - Ping Pong
... in earnest with the observation that lesions of specific nuclei in the hypothalamus could produce either profound increases or decreases in food intake and body weight, depending on the exact location of the lesion7,8. These observations focused an enormous amount of research attention on how specif ...
... in earnest with the observation that lesions of specific nuclei in the hypothalamus could produce either profound increases or decreases in food intake and body weight, depending on the exact location of the lesion7,8. These observations focused an enormous amount of research attention on how specif ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.