Crapse (2008) Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom
... Holtz and Mittelstaedt were addressing in invertebrates and for the general analysis of sensory processing that takes place close to the motor output. However, it has become apparent that the decussation from motor to sensory areas might occur at any number of levels of motor control, some of which ...
... Holtz and Mittelstaedt were addressing in invertebrates and for the general analysis of sensory processing that takes place close to the motor output. However, it has become apparent that the decussation from motor to sensory areas might occur at any number of levels of motor control, some of which ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... to the superficial location of the dendrites on the larval body wall. While transparent model organisms such as zebrafish have been used to study axon degeneration following injury [38, 39] and non-stereotyped remodeling during tiling of sensory axons [40] we are not aware of a defined system to stu ...
... to the superficial location of the dendrites on the larval body wall. While transparent model organisms such as zebrafish have been used to study axon degeneration following injury [38, 39] and non-stereotyped remodeling during tiling of sensory axons [40] we are not aware of a defined system to stu ...
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey
... The microelectrode was inserted vertically into the target region through the intact dura matter along a stainless steel guide tube using a hydraulic microdrive manipulator (Narishige, Tokyo, Japan). We recorded from the first well isolated neuron encountered in searching for the next neuron along e ...
... The microelectrode was inserted vertically into the target region through the intact dura matter along a stainless steel guide tube using a hydraulic microdrive manipulator (Narishige, Tokyo, Japan). We recorded from the first well isolated neuron encountered in searching for the next neuron along e ...
Mirror neurons and the social nature of language
... that F5 mirror neurons are also activated during the observation of partially hidden actions, when the monkey can predict the action outcome, even in the absence of the complete visual information about it. Macaque monkeys’ mirror neurons therefore respond to acts made by others not exclusively on t ...
... that F5 mirror neurons are also activated during the observation of partially hidden actions, when the monkey can predict the action outcome, even in the absence of the complete visual information about it. Macaque monkeys’ mirror neurons therefore respond to acts made by others not exclusively on t ...
The Effect of Ischemia on Biogenic Amine Concentrations in
... some physical or biochemical phenomenon must be responsible for the dysfunction. Because biogenic amines are both neurotransmitters and have potent vasoactive properties, for many years there has been considerable speculation about their influences on the development of injury to the CNS. 1 Many exp ...
... some physical or biochemical phenomenon must be responsible for the dysfunction. Because biogenic amines are both neurotransmitters and have potent vasoactive properties, for many years there has been considerable speculation about their influences on the development of injury to the CNS. 1 Many exp ...
How the brain uses time to represent and process visual information
... code to be identified. Difficulties arise in the mammalian central nervous system, because of the presence of temporal structure at both very short [12,15] and very long [13,52] timescales, and the intrinsic variability of responses that may or may not be a part of the coding scheme. These difficult ...
... code to be identified. Difficulties arise in the mammalian central nervous system, because of the presence of temporal structure at both very short [12,15] and very long [13,52] timescales, and the intrinsic variability of responses that may or may not be a part of the coding scheme. These difficult ...
James Robertson
... Not affected by level of arousal Rather, means of SD affected subsequent arousal CC reduced latency to sleep to control levels Delta power similar to GH SD DNM1-mediated regulation of presynaptic endocytosis and the level of arousal NDRG2 increase = involvement of glial cells ...
... Not affected by level of arousal Rather, means of SD affected subsequent arousal CC reduced latency to sleep to control levels Delta power similar to GH SD DNM1-mediated regulation of presynaptic endocytosis and the level of arousal NDRG2 increase = involvement of glial cells ...
The importance of mixed selectivity in complex
... A breakdown in dimensionality (due to non-task relevant, variable sources –noise) results in errors. Consequently, nonlinear mixed selectivity neurons are “most useful, but also most fragile” This non-linearity, ensemble coding comes bundled with an ability for these neurons to quickly adapt to exec ...
... A breakdown in dimensionality (due to non-task relevant, variable sources –noise) results in errors. Consequently, nonlinear mixed selectivity neurons are “most useful, but also most fragile” This non-linearity, ensemble coding comes bundled with an ability for these neurons to quickly adapt to exec ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... excitatory activity14, 15 , while inhibitory activity becomes stronger and less selective15 . How does this reduction in response correlation come about, given the prevalence of strong spatial and temporal correlations present in natural visual scenes7, 8 , and given that neurons in a column share c ...
... excitatory activity14, 15 , while inhibitory activity becomes stronger and less selective15 . How does this reduction in response correlation come about, given the prevalence of strong spatial and temporal correlations present in natural visual scenes7, 8 , and given that neurons in a column share c ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... as the brain stem and spinal cord, in a system of feedforward and feedback information processing. Considered from the functional point of view, the motor system is organized in a hierarchical manner, with increasing complexity of integration up the neuraxis (Bernstein, 1967; Allen and Tsukahara, 19 ...
... as the brain stem and spinal cord, in a system of feedforward and feedback information processing. Considered from the functional point of view, the motor system is organized in a hierarchical manner, with increasing complexity of integration up the neuraxis (Bernstein, 1967; Allen and Tsukahara, 19 ...
Spinal cord
... continues to lengthen until adulthood. This results in the fact that sacral spinal nerves actually originate in the upper lumbar region. The spinal cord can be anatomically divided into 31 spinal segments based on the origins of the spinal nerves. Each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a ...
... continues to lengthen until adulthood. This results in the fact that sacral spinal nerves actually originate in the upper lumbar region. The spinal cord can be anatomically divided into 31 spinal segments based on the origins of the spinal nerves. Each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a ...
Slide 1
... In each aperture, a fraction of the dots move coherently in 1 of 2 possible directions (preferred or null) while the other dots are replotted at random locations Monkey was required to discriminate the direction of motion at the attended location (cued by the stationary dots) and ignore motion a ...
... In each aperture, a fraction of the dots move coherently in 1 of 2 possible directions (preferred or null) while the other dots are replotted at random locations Monkey was required to discriminate the direction of motion at the attended location (cued by the stationary dots) and ignore motion a ...
Document
... In Section 2 we show that whereas recognition of objects learned previously against a blank background is hardly affected by the presence of background noise, the ability to learn position invariant responses to new objects when presented against cluttered backgrounds is greatly reduced. This sugges ...
... In Section 2 we show that whereas recognition of objects learned previously against a blank background is hardly affected by the presence of background noise, the ability to learn position invariant responses to new objects when presented against cluttered backgrounds is greatly reduced. This sugges ...
30 Hearing - Semantic Scholar
... That sound consists of alternating compressions and expansions of the air is evident when a loud noise rattles a window. The loudest sound tolerable to humans, with an intensity of about 120 dB SPL, transiently alters the local atmospheric pressure (about 105 Pa) by much less than 0.1%. This change ...
... That sound consists of alternating compressions and expansions of the air is evident when a loud noise rattles a window. The loudest sound tolerable to humans, with an intensity of about 120 dB SPL, transiently alters the local atmospheric pressure (about 105 Pa) by much less than 0.1%. This change ...
Neurons, Astrocytes, and Oligodendrocytes of the Rat Cerebral
... in the cerebral cortex. The construction and production of the retroviruses have been described in detail elsewhere (Bonnerot et al., 1987; Price et al., 1987). Briefly, the recombinant retrovirnses were constrncted by replacing the viral genes gag, pal, and env of the Maloney murine leukemia virus, ...
... in the cerebral cortex. The construction and production of the retroviruses have been described in detail elsewhere (Bonnerot et al., 1987; Price et al., 1987). Briefly, the recombinant retrovirnses were constrncted by replacing the viral genes gag, pal, and env of the Maloney murine leukemia virus, ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... The difficulty comes from the fact that LA has little if any projections to CEm, but rather projects to the lateral or amygdalo-striatal sectors (Fig. 1B). This was first reported in 1978, when Krettek and Price published their seminal study on the internuclear projections of the rat and cat amygdal ...
... The difficulty comes from the fact that LA has little if any projections to CEm, but rather projects to the lateral or amygdalo-striatal sectors (Fig. 1B). This was first reported in 1978, when Krettek and Price published their seminal study on the internuclear projections of the rat and cat amygdal ...
12 - Humbleisd.net
... Patterns of neuronal electrical activity Generated by synaptic activity in cortex Each person's brain waves are unique Can be grouped into four classes based on frequency measured as hertz (Hz) – Alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves ...
... Patterns of neuronal electrical activity Generated by synaptic activity in cortex Each person's brain waves are unique Can be grouped into four classes based on frequency measured as hertz (Hz) – Alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves ...
Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Nervous System
... al., 1987; Burgessand Maciag, 1989) and have been demonstrated in vitro to act upon various cell types from both the CNS and PNS. Reported actions of FGFs include stimulation of mitogenesisin astrocytes(Pettmann et al., 1985) oligodendrocytes (Ecclestonand Silberberg, 1985)and Schwanncells (Davis an ...
... al., 1987; Burgessand Maciag, 1989) and have been demonstrated in vitro to act upon various cell types from both the CNS and PNS. Reported actions of FGFs include stimulation of mitogenesisin astrocytes(Pettmann et al., 1985) oligodendrocytes (Ecclestonand Silberberg, 1985)and Schwanncells (Davis an ...
Self Assessment Chapter 11 part 2 - CM
... • Lipid content of myelin sheath insulates axon (prevents ion movements) like rubber around copper wire; increases speed of action potential conduction • Myelinated axons conduct action potentials about 15–20 times faster than unmyelinated axons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Lipid content of myelin sheath insulates axon (prevents ion movements) like rubber around copper wire; increases speed of action potential conduction • Myelinated axons conduct action potentials about 15–20 times faster than unmyelinated axons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
pain - Dog2Doc.com
... Pain Transmission • Nociceptors (primary sensory afferents) have cell body in dorsal root ganglia; synapse to second-order neurons in dorsal horn of spinal cord • Pain impulses can trigger a withdrawal reflex via connections to motor neurons in the spinal cord • Impulses ascend to brain via variou ...
... Pain Transmission • Nociceptors (primary sensory afferents) have cell body in dorsal root ganglia; synapse to second-order neurons in dorsal horn of spinal cord • Pain impulses can trigger a withdrawal reflex via connections to motor neurons in the spinal cord • Impulses ascend to brain via variou ...
Neural control of the circulation - Advances in Physiology Education
... chanical forces (e.g., wall tension and shear stress) as well as chemical stimuli (e.g., tissue metabolites and O2). Superimposed on this local control system is another level of regulation governed by changes in central neural activity that adjust cardiovascular function to meet the needs of the bo ...
... chanical forces (e.g., wall tension and shear stress) as well as chemical stimuli (e.g., tissue metabolites and O2). Superimposed on this local control system is another level of regulation governed by changes in central neural activity that adjust cardiovascular function to meet the needs of the bo ...
Consciousness & Its Variants
... • Drugs that alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior – Common properties of psychoactive drugs • Addiction – a state of feeling psychologically and/or physiologically compelled to take a specific ...
... • Drugs that alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior – Common properties of psychoactive drugs • Addiction – a state of feeling psychologically and/or physiologically compelled to take a specific ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
Practical Implications of Sleep Neurochemistry
... • Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system • It is always excitatory, usually due to simple receptors that increase the flow of positive ions by opening ion-channels. • In neuroscience, glutamate is an important neurotransmitter that plays a key rol ...
... • Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system • It is always excitatory, usually due to simple receptors that increase the flow of positive ions by opening ion-channels. • In neuroscience, glutamate is an important neurotransmitter that plays a key rol ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.