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The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog
... worms, or flies. And, if elementary forms of learning are common to all animals with an evolved nervous system, there must be conserved features in the mechanisms of learning at the cell and molecular level, that can be studied effectively even in simple invertebrate animals. A SIMPLE INVERTEBRATE S ...
... worms, or flies. And, if elementary forms of learning are common to all animals with an evolved nervous system, there must be conserved features in the mechanisms of learning at the cell and molecular level, that can be studied effectively even in simple invertebrate animals. A SIMPLE INVERTEBRATE S ...
ch_12_lecture_presentation
... • 12-8 Describe the major types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and discuss their effects on postsynaptic membranes. ...
... • 12-8 Describe the major types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and discuss their effects on postsynaptic membranes. ...
WHAT IS THE MAMMALIAN DENTATE GYRUS GOOD FOR? Alessandro Treves
... performing expansion recoding (Marr, 1969). In the cerebellum, however, the granule cells are postsynaptic to the axons that are called (there) mossy fibers, and the huge cerebellar expansion factor from mossy fibers to granule cells is not observed in the hippocampus, where the striking element, in ...
... performing expansion recoding (Marr, 1969). In the cerebellum, however, the granule cells are postsynaptic to the axons that are called (there) mossy fibers, and the huge cerebellar expansion factor from mossy fibers to granule cells is not observed in the hippocampus, where the striking element, in ...
Changes in Intracellular pH Associated with Glutamate Excitotoxicity
... external calcium solution the basalpH, washigher and the initial fall in pH, occurred more slowly and wasnot asprominent (Fig. 2A). Subsequently, the recovery of basal levels and secondary increase in pH, appeared delayed in onset and overall time course. Elevated external calcium did not alter the ...
... external calcium solution the basalpH, washigher and the initial fall in pH, occurred more slowly and wasnot asprominent (Fig. 2A). Subsequently, the recovery of basal levels and secondary increase in pH, appeared delayed in onset and overall time course. Elevated external calcium did not alter the ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... suggest that GABAergic activity develops early and that glutamate activity occurs soon after. This raises the question as to the possible interaction between the two primary transmitters of the brain during early development. If both GABA and glutamate are excitatory, what prevents the neurons in th ...
... suggest that GABAergic activity develops early and that glutamate activity occurs soon after. This raises the question as to the possible interaction between the two primary transmitters of the brain during early development. If both GABA and glutamate are excitatory, what prevents the neurons in th ...
the neuron types of the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb
... which, if present, lie in the superficial part of the external plexiform layer or the deep part of the periglomerular region; the middle tufted cells have secondary dendrites arranged in a similar manner to those of the mitral and internal tufted cells. The arborizations of the primary dendrites of ...
... which, if present, lie in the superficial part of the external plexiform layer or the deep part of the periglomerular region; the middle tufted cells have secondary dendrites arranged in a similar manner to those of the mitral and internal tufted cells. The arborizations of the primary dendrites of ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
Amyloid Precursor Protein in Cortical Neurons: Coexistence of Two
... of its C-terminal. These transmembrane APPs are not detectable at the surface of living cells. When neurons are fixed with paraformaldehyde alone, APP is mainly visualized close to the membrane of the axon and cell body of 40% of neurons, with virtually no dendritic staining. Membrane permeabilizati ...
... of its C-terminal. These transmembrane APPs are not detectable at the surface of living cells. When neurons are fixed with paraformaldehyde alone, APP is mainly visualized close to the membrane of the axon and cell body of 40% of neurons, with virtually no dendritic staining. Membrane permeabilizati ...
Big Myth or Major Miss? - Perceptual Science Laboratory
... Furthermore, a MNS provides a neurophysiological underpinning for several claims of embodied cognition such as a) perception and action are intimately linked, and b) what appears to be high-‐level or abstra ...
... Furthermore, a MNS provides a neurophysiological underpinning for several claims of embodied cognition such as a) perception and action are intimately linked, and b) what appears to be high-‐level or abstra ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... placed premotor above primary motor cortex (M1), with areas 3a and 3b (components of the primary somatosensory area, S1) at the lowest levels [5]. Our own survey aimed to establish the polarity of key reciprocal connections, but not to arrange areas into discrete tiers [6]. The absence of a distinct ...
... placed premotor above primary motor cortex (M1), with areas 3a and 3b (components of the primary somatosensory area, S1) at the lowest levels [5]. Our own survey aimed to establish the polarity of key reciprocal connections, but not to arrange areas into discrete tiers [6]. The absence of a distinct ...
Extra-Classical Tuning Predicts Stimulus
... (Webster et al., 2002; Dahmen et al., 2010). In principle, stimulus-dependent STRFs could arise if neurons adapt their response properties to changes in stimulus statistics (Sharpee et al., 2006) or if neurons have static but nonlinear response properties (Theunissen et al., 2000; Christianson et al ...
... (Webster et al., 2002; Dahmen et al., 2010). In principle, stimulus-dependent STRFs could arise if neurons adapt their response properties to changes in stimulus statistics (Sharpee et al., 2006) or if neurons have static but nonlinear response properties (Theunissen et al., 2000; Christianson et al ...
Low Quality
... By inquiring into all that happens in the brain and body during sleep, researchers aim to paint a more complete picture of why people sleep — and why sleep sometimes goes awry, as Science News staff writers Tina Hesman Saey and Laura Sanders report in this special section. Scientists seeking the rea ...
... By inquiring into all that happens in the brain and body during sleep, researchers aim to paint a more complete picture of why people sleep — and why sleep sometimes goes awry, as Science News staff writers Tina Hesman Saey and Laura Sanders report in this special section. Scientists seeking the rea ...
Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network
... mentioned below to the motor-related and motor-imagery areas reported in Hanakawa et al.’s (2008) study. Notably, from the methodological point of view, this study focused on the functional reorganization on the basis of the changes in topological patterns of coordinated networks, while many previou ...
... mentioned below to the motor-related and motor-imagery areas reported in Hanakawa et al.’s (2008) study. Notably, from the methodological point of view, this study focused on the functional reorganization on the basis of the changes in topological patterns of coordinated networks, while many previou ...
Does Loss of Nerve Growth Factor Receptors Precede Loss of
... Regions of analysis. For each staining, measurements were performed in the caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus. The boundaries of these regions were determined on AChE-stained sections. The same boundaries were taken to defin ...
... Regions of analysis. For each staining, measurements were performed in the caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus. The boundaries of these regions were determined on AChE-stained sections. The same boundaries were taken to defin ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... the AF568 dye limits the resolution achievable in our neuronal images. Accordingly, we used the bead emission at >560 nm for PSF measurements. The FWHMs of each PSF were measured in Fiji using the MetroloJ plugin (http://imagejdocu.tudor.lu/doku.php?id=plugin: analysis:metroloj:start). The FWHM of 0 ...
... the AF568 dye limits the resolution achievable in our neuronal images. Accordingly, we used the bead emission at >560 nm for PSF measurements. The FWHMs of each PSF were measured in Fiji using the MetroloJ plugin (http://imagejdocu.tudor.lu/doku.php?id=plugin: analysis:metroloj:start). The FWHM of 0 ...
Neural Coding and Auditory Perception
... envelope, we recorded from single units in the IC of awake rabbit using 100% sinusoidally amplitude modulated broadband noise stimuli presented in simulated anechoic and reverberant environments. The modulation frequency was typically varied from 4 to 256 Hz. Phase locking to modulation frequency wa ...
... envelope, we recorded from single units in the IC of awake rabbit using 100% sinusoidally amplitude modulated broadband noise stimuli presented in simulated anechoic and reverberant environments. The modulation frequency was typically varied from 4 to 256 Hz. Phase locking to modulation frequency wa ...
Auditory–vocal mirroring in songbirds
... ‘mirror neurons’ that are active both when an individual observes and executes a specific movement have been advanced as a substrate for imitative learning, including for skills that form the basis of communicative behaviours, such as spoken language [1–10]. Beyond a role in skill learning, their ca ...
... ‘mirror neurons’ that are active both when an individual observes and executes a specific movement have been advanced as a substrate for imitative learning, including for skills that form the basis of communicative behaviours, such as spoken language [1–10]. Beyond a role in skill learning, their ca ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... for intrinsic connections among neuronal populations. By deriving canonical forms for these computations, one can associate specific neuronal populations with specific computational roles. This analysis discloses a remarkable correspondence between the microcircuitry of the cortical column and the c ...
... for intrinsic connections among neuronal populations. By deriving canonical forms for these computations, one can associate specific neuronal populations with specific computational roles. This analysis discloses a remarkable correspondence between the microcircuitry of the cortical column and the c ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... region of the basal forebrain. Second, excitotoxin lesions of the globus pallidus severely deplete somatosensory cortex of AChE-positive axons. Third, Tremblay et al. (1990a,b) find that electrical stimulation of this region of the basal forebrain evokes responses in cortical area 3b that can be blo ...
... region of the basal forebrain. Second, excitotoxin lesions of the globus pallidus severely deplete somatosensory cortex of AChE-positive axons. Third, Tremblay et al. (1990a,b) find that electrical stimulation of this region of the basal forebrain evokes responses in cortical area 3b that can be blo ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... Contrast X-rays • Standard X-rays can’t be used for studying the brain because the brain is composed of many overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interes ...
... Contrast X-rays • Standard X-rays can’t be used for studying the brain because the brain is composed of many overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interes ...
lecture 12 - McLoon Lab - University of Minnesota
... Spinothalamic projection: • Primary sensory axons for pain, temperature and light touch synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn. • Axons of these dorsal horn neurons cross the spinal cord and ascend in the spinothalamic tract. • They synapse in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. ...
... Spinothalamic projection: • Primary sensory axons for pain, temperature and light touch synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn. • Axons of these dorsal horn neurons cross the spinal cord and ascend in the spinothalamic tract. • They synapse in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... example, vasoconstriction induced by activation of -adrenoreceptors would result in reduced blood flow to the exocrine pancreas, thus causing a decrease in the amount of fluid secreted by the exocrine pancreas. In support of this suggestion, noradrenergic vasoconstriction has been shown to decreas ...
... example, vasoconstriction induced by activation of -adrenoreceptors would result in reduced blood flow to the exocrine pancreas, thus causing a decrease in the amount of fluid secreted by the exocrine pancreas. In support of this suggestion, noradrenergic vasoconstriction has been shown to decreas ...
Neuroanatomy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo_1909_624.png?width=300)
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.