lecture 12 - McLoon Lab - University of Minnesota
... Spinothalamic projection: • Primary sensory axons for pain, temperature and light touch synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn. • Axons of these dorsal horn neurons cross the spinal cord and ascend in the spinothalamic tract. • They synapse in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. ...
... Spinothalamic projection: • Primary sensory axons for pain, temperature and light touch synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn. • Axons of these dorsal horn neurons cross the spinal cord and ascend in the spinothalamic tract. • They synapse in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... There is evidence that sympathoexcitatory and respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation involve ventrolateral medulla-projecting nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons (NTS-VLM neurons) and also that ATP modulates this neurotransmission. Here, we evaluated whether or not astrocytes is the so ...
... There is evidence that sympathoexcitatory and respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation involve ventrolateral medulla-projecting nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons (NTS-VLM neurons) and also that ATP modulates this neurotransmission. Here, we evaluated whether or not astrocytes is the so ...
Computational principles underlying recognition
... Abstract Grasshoppers and crickets independently evolved hearing organs and acoustic communication. They differ considerably in the organization of their auditory pathways, and the complexity of their songs, which are essential for mate attraction. Recent approaches aimed at describing the behaviora ...
... Abstract Grasshoppers and crickets independently evolved hearing organs and acoustic communication. They differ considerably in the organization of their auditory pathways, and the complexity of their songs, which are essential for mate attraction. Recent approaches aimed at describing the behaviora ...
Ionic Mechanism of the Slow Afterdepolarization Induced by
... 1998. The mammalian prefrontal cortex receives a dense cholinergic innervation from subcortical regions. We previously have shown that cholinergic stimulation of layer V pyramidal neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex results in a depolarization and the appearance of a slow afterdepolarization (sADP) ...
... 1998. The mammalian prefrontal cortex receives a dense cholinergic innervation from subcortical regions. We previously have shown that cholinergic stimulation of layer V pyramidal neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex results in a depolarization and the appearance of a slow afterdepolarization (sADP) ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... ABSTRACT The neurons in the medial geniculate body were studied in Golgi preparations from adult mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdiv ...
... ABSTRACT The neurons in the medial geniculate body were studied in Golgi preparations from adult mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdiv ...
BRAIN Response inhibition and serotonin in autism: depletion
... et al., 1997); as well as reductions in serotonin-2A receptor and serotonin transporter binding in brain regions (including inferior prefrontal cortex) that mediate executive and inhibitory functioning (Murphy et al., 2006; Nakamura et al., 2010). There are also reports of significant associations b ...
... et al., 1997); as well as reductions in serotonin-2A receptor and serotonin transporter binding in brain regions (including inferior prefrontal cortex) that mediate executive and inhibitory functioning (Murphy et al., 2006; Nakamura et al., 2010). There are also reports of significant associations b ...
1-Student`s Refexes
... Stretching the muscle bulk ( extrafusal fibers ) also stretches the receptor ( muscle spindle ) , because the muscle spindle intrafusal fibers lie in parallel with the extrafusal fibers of the muscle bulk . stretch receptor in intrfusal fibre stimulation of sensory endings . Afferent impulses ...
... Stretching the muscle bulk ( extrafusal fibers ) also stretches the receptor ( muscle spindle ) , because the muscle spindle intrafusal fibers lie in parallel with the extrafusal fibers of the muscle bulk . stretch receptor in intrfusal fibre stimulation of sensory endings . Afferent impulses ...
Visual pathway class..
... • MT passes its output to the intraparietal cortical areas. Each IP area is responsible for a different “class” of movement. • In addition to unparalleled object recognition (ventral pathway), primates have great hand-eye coordination so that we can use tools, or hit a baseball (dorsal pathway). • I ...
... • MT passes its output to the intraparietal cortical areas. Each IP area is responsible for a different “class” of movement. • In addition to unparalleled object recognition (ventral pathway), primates have great hand-eye coordination so that we can use tools, or hit a baseball (dorsal pathway). • I ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only about 50%; and 4) the form of the puncta was unique to each division, those in the ventra ...
... independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only about 50%; and 4) the form of the puncta was unique to each division, those in the ventra ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... lung, it has the ability to exert multipotent activities under pathophysiological conditions [8, 13]. In the nervous system, for example, c-Met/HGF signaling plays an essential role in development and maintenance [8, 11, 14]. In brief, c-Met is widely expressed in various regions of both developing ...
... lung, it has the ability to exert multipotent activities under pathophysiological conditions [8, 13]. In the nervous system, for example, c-Met/HGF signaling plays an essential role in development and maintenance [8, 11, 14]. In brief, c-Met is widely expressed in various regions of both developing ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... neurons in the inferior temporal gyrus are more likely to respond to face identity (Eifuku et al. 2004; Rolls and Tovee 1995a,b; Sugase et al. 1999; Young and Yamane 1992). The The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore b ...
... neurons in the inferior temporal gyrus are more likely to respond to face identity (Eifuku et al. 2004; Rolls and Tovee 1995a,b; Sugase et al. 1999; Young and Yamane 1992). The The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore b ...
A neuronal network model of primary visual cortex explains spatial
... architecture of V1, we assume that there is a similar pinwheel structure in layer 4C (McLaughlin et al. 2000; Tao et al. 2004). We built a pinwheel structure into the model by tying the preferred orientation angle of the LGN input to a given 4C neuron to the neuron’s location in the layer with respe ...
... architecture of V1, we assume that there is a similar pinwheel structure in layer 4C (McLaughlin et al. 2000; Tao et al. 2004). We built a pinwheel structure into the model by tying the preferred orientation angle of the LGN input to a given 4C neuron to the neuron’s location in the layer with respe ...
The Information Processing Mechanism of the Brain
... human behaviour. (The analogy between transistor and network is somewhat stretched but, in essence, the neural network is a unit that performs processing of activity patterns.) There is reason to recap the central properties of a neural network. A neural network can be modelled in a simple physical ...
... human behaviour. (The analogy between transistor and network is somewhat stretched but, in essence, the neural network is a unit that performs processing of activity patterns.) There is reason to recap the central properties of a neural network. A neural network can be modelled in a simple physical ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... MNS (mirror neuron system) in human beings, for example with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Iacoboni and colleagues (1999) performed an fMRI on subjects while they were watching someone else move their fingers and while performing finger movements of their own. During this action ...
... MNS (mirror neuron system) in human beings, for example with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Iacoboni and colleagues (1999) performed an fMRI on subjects while they were watching someone else move their fingers and while performing finger movements of their own. During this action ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... The FN sends extensive projections to numerous motor structures via both descending and ascending pathways [22, 33]. Through the descending projections to the components of the medial descending systems in brainstem, including the vestibular nuclei and the medullary/ pontine reticular formations [1, ...
... The FN sends extensive projections to numerous motor structures via both descending and ascending pathways [22, 33]. Through the descending projections to the components of the medial descending systems in brainstem, including the vestibular nuclei and the medullary/ pontine reticular formations [1, ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... The receptive field of any neuron in a sensorypathway is composed of all the receptors that can influence its neural activity (Shepherd, 1983). Therefore, receptive field organization is an essentialcomponent of sensory circuits, and knowledge of receptive field development is important in understan ...
... The receptive field of any neuron in a sensorypathway is composed of all the receptors that can influence its neural activity (Shepherd, 1983). Therefore, receptive field organization is an essentialcomponent of sensory circuits, and knowledge of receptive field development is important in understan ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... Despite substantial advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating general aspects of precursor specification during early telencephalic development (Guillemot et al., 2006), only a few genes have been shown to play a layer-specific role in the differentiation of neocortical ne ...
... Despite substantial advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating general aspects of precursor specification during early telencephalic development (Guillemot et al., 2006), only a few genes have been shown to play a layer-specific role in the differentiation of neocortical ne ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
The Thalamic Projections of the Spinothalamic Tract
... part of the ventro-posterior-lateral nucleus” [64,65], “magnocellular medial geniculate” [89], “suprageniculate nucleus,” or “posterior nuclear group” [73]. Thus, in 1965 Mehler could state that “neurological and clinical neurophysiological observations cast serious doubt on the classical notion tha ...
... part of the ventro-posterior-lateral nucleus” [64,65], “magnocellular medial geniculate” [89], “suprageniculate nucleus,” or “posterior nuclear group” [73]. Thus, in 1965 Mehler could state that “neurological and clinical neurophysiological observations cast serious doubt on the classical notion tha ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
Competitive Dynamics in Cortical Responses to Visual Stimuli
... Huxley-type conductance-based neurons. The network was an abstracted canonical cortical circuit (Douglas and Martin 2004; Raizada and Grossberg 2003) consisting of two excitatory and two inhibitory pools of 40 neurons each (Fig. 2A). Increases beyond this number had no appreciable effect on the resu ...
... Huxley-type conductance-based neurons. The network was an abstracted canonical cortical circuit (Douglas and Martin 2004; Raizada and Grossberg 2003) consisting of two excitatory and two inhibitory pools of 40 neurons each (Fig. 2A). Increases beyond this number had no appreciable effect on the resu ...
MAG, Nogo-A and NgR in Hippocampal Development and Regeneration TESIS DOCTORAL
... The question this thesis aims to address is, therefore, the role of myelin-associated inhibitors in the regeneration of cortical connections. The model we have used is the entorhino-hippocampal connection and the conceptual structure followed was i) characterizing the temporal expression of the prot ...
... The question this thesis aims to address is, therefore, the role of myelin-associated inhibitors in the regeneration of cortical connections. The model we have used is the entorhino-hippocampal connection and the conceptual structure followed was i) characterizing the temporal expression of the prot ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
Sodium channel NaV1.9 mutations associated with insensitivity to
... were normal for both affected individuals. Motor nerve conduction velocities were normal for both patients, and nerve fibers were deemed normal upon examination by light and electron microscopy. Motor milestones as well as cognitive and neurological development were normal. The proband reported a no ...
... were normal for both affected individuals. Motor nerve conduction velocities were normal for both patients, and nerve fibers were deemed normal upon examination by light and electron microscopy. Motor milestones as well as cognitive and neurological development were normal. The proband reported a no ...
A Neuronal Model of Predictive Coding Accounting for the
... remain debated. We propose here a detailed neuronal model of auditory cortex, based on predictive coding, that accounts for the critical features of MMN. The model is entirely composed of spiking excitatory and inhibitory neurons interconnected in a layered cortical architecture with distinct input, ...
... remain debated. We propose here a detailed neuronal model of auditory cortex, based on predictive coding, that accounts for the critical features of MMN. The model is entirely composed of spiking excitatory and inhibitory neurons interconnected in a layered cortical architecture with distinct input, ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.