The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
... from background (see Chapter 27). The highest level involves object recognition (see Chapter 28). Once a scene has been parsed by the brain and objects recognized, the objects can be matched with memories of shapes and their associated meanings. Vision also has an important role in guiding body move ...
... from background (see Chapter 27). The highest level involves object recognition (see Chapter 28). Once a scene has been parsed by the brain and objects recognized, the objects can be matched with memories of shapes and their associated meanings. Vision also has an important role in guiding body move ...
body proportions in infancy and early childhood
... • Over one quarter of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight. • In 2012, 15% of American households experienced food insecurity (lack of consistent access to food). • The most common nutrients missing from infants and toddlers’ diets are iron, zinc, and calcium. Kuth ...
... • Over one quarter of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight. • In 2012, 15% of American households experienced food insecurity (lack of consistent access to food). • The most common nutrients missing from infants and toddlers’ diets are iron, zinc, and calcium. Kuth ...
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
... -logy = study of) is the science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work. Because function can never be separated completely from structure, we can understand the human body best by studying anatomy and physiology together. We will look at how each structure of the body is designed to ca ...
... -logy = study of) is the science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work. Because function can never be separated completely from structure, we can understand the human body best by studying anatomy and physiology together. We will look at how each structure of the body is designed to ca ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... which a stimulus was presented, preferring a stimulus of equivalent visual angle and luminance presented near (within 20 cm) or very near (within 5 cm) the face. These neurons maintained their preference for near stimuli when tested monocularly, suggesting that visual cues other than disparity can s ...
... which a stimulus was presented, preferring a stimulus of equivalent visual angle and luminance presented near (within 20 cm) or very near (within 5 cm) the face. These neurons maintained their preference for near stimuli when tested monocularly, suggesting that visual cues other than disparity can s ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... (5HIAA)-in medial vestibular nuclei (MVN), locus coeruleus, raphe dorsalis, and cochlear nuclei. The study was conducted 6 hours after UL in both strains, differing by the functional optokinetic responses of their central vestibular neurons and the time-course of their vestibular compensation. The r ...
... (5HIAA)-in medial vestibular nuclei (MVN), locus coeruleus, raphe dorsalis, and cochlear nuclei. The study was conducted 6 hours after UL in both strains, differing by the functional optokinetic responses of their central vestibular neurons and the time-course of their vestibular compensation. The r ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... long after-hyperpolarization (AHP) durations. A second group of parvalbumin containing GABAergic aspiny cells have axons with very dense collateral arborizations, and fire phasically at high frequencies in response to cortical stimulation. These neurons have more negative resting potentials and shor ...
... long after-hyperpolarization (AHP) durations. A second group of parvalbumin containing GABAergic aspiny cells have axons with very dense collateral arborizations, and fire phasically at high frequencies in response to cortical stimulation. These neurons have more negative resting potentials and shor ...
The Neurobehavioral Nature of Fishes and the
... assumed that these non-human organisms have intentions and experiences similar to ours. This human tendency to attribute mental states to others is called “theory of mind” and is probably the basis for our tendency to feel empathy toward other people. Theory of mind is thought to have evolved as a d ...
... assumed that these non-human organisms have intentions and experiences similar to ours. This human tendency to attribute mental states to others is called “theory of mind” and is probably the basis for our tendency to feel empathy toward other people. Theory of mind is thought to have evolved as a d ...
Document
... Receptor – site of stimulus Sensory neuron – transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector Effector – muscle fiber or gland that r ...
... Receptor – site of stimulus Sensory neuron – transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector Effector – muscle fiber or gland that r ...
Chapter 3
... 3.1-32. Stan is a firefighter. His fellow firefighters were amazed that despite a broken arm, he was able to drag the last person from the fire. What chemicals were likely activated that allowed such heroics? a. Endorphins b. Dopamine c. Acetylcholine d. Glutamate ...
... 3.1-32. Stan is a firefighter. His fellow firefighters were amazed that despite a broken arm, he was able to drag the last person from the fire. What chemicals were likely activated that allowed such heroics? a. Endorphins b. Dopamine c. Acetylcholine d. Glutamate ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... 3H-thymidinefrom gestational day E l 2 and 13 (El2+ 13)until the day before parturition (E21+ 22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (nolonger labeled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitativ ...
... 3H-thymidinefrom gestational day E l 2 and 13 (El2+ 13)until the day before parturition (E21+ 22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (nolonger labeled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitativ ...
interactions between number and space in parietal cortex
... cognition have been conducted in humans using functional imaging, whereas most studies of spatial processing have been conducted in monkeys using single-unit electrophysiology. However, this division is breaking down, as single-unit data has revealed ‘number neurons’ in the IPS, and many recent neur ...
... cognition have been conducted in humans using functional imaging, whereas most studies of spatial processing have been conducted in monkeys using single-unit electrophysiology. However, this division is breaking down, as single-unit data has revealed ‘number neurons’ in the IPS, and many recent neur ...
The Neuropathology of Huntington`s Disease
... (see Fig. 1). The cortex provides a major excitatory glutamatergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (Carpenter et al. 1976) that arises bilaterally but with a predominant ipsilateral component from the entire cerebral cortex with a major projection from the sensorimotor cortex (McGeorge and ...
... (see Fig. 1). The cortex provides a major excitatory glutamatergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (Carpenter et al. 1976) that arises bilaterally but with a predominant ipsilateral component from the entire cerebral cortex with a major projection from the sensorimotor cortex (McGeorge and ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... cerebellar section. (H and I) eYFP expressing IpN neurons (H) and nucleocortical MF projection (I) with enlarged rosette and filopodia-like structure. Asterisk indicates an MF rosette. (J) Example (left) and summary (right, N = 3) of the nucleocortical MF (asterisks) distribution in the granular lay ...
... cerebellar section. (H and I) eYFP expressing IpN neurons (H) and nucleocortical MF projection (I) with enlarged rosette and filopodia-like structure. Asterisk indicates an MF rosette. (J) Example (left) and summary (right, N = 3) of the nucleocortical MF (asterisks) distribution in the granular lay ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and during count period 6, could have activity that was related to be ...
... testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and during count period 6, could have activity that was related to be ...
Neuronal RNA Localization and the Cytoskeleton
... transport and localize cytoskeletal components to distal locations could have deleterious effects on neuronal polarity and cytoarchitecture and lead to abnormal development or degenerative processes. Not only must the neuron be able to target cytoskeletal proteins to growth cones, it must also be ab ...
... transport and localize cytoskeletal components to distal locations could have deleterious effects on neuronal polarity and cytoarchitecture and lead to abnormal development or degenerative processes. Not only must the neuron be able to target cytoskeletal proteins to growth cones, it must also be ab ...
Radial glial cells as neuronal precursors
... *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) ...
... *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) ...
Organization of Cytoskeletal Elements and Organelles Preceding
... and begin to depolymerize during telophase. Just before the onset of its division, the PMC's centrosomes are located on the apical side of its nucleus (Fig. 1 C), at the base of a process which extends to the apical surface of the epithelium. During mitosis, using the antisera Nos. 32 and 40, centro ...
... and begin to depolymerize during telophase. Just before the onset of its division, the PMC's centrosomes are located on the apical side of its nucleus (Fig. 1 C), at the base of a process which extends to the apical surface of the epithelium. During mitosis, using the antisera Nos. 32 and 40, centro ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... finger of a surgical glove and attached to a piece of silastic tubing (0.065 inch outer diameter) which was exteriorized through the duodenal incision and secured via purse-string ligature. The abdominal muscle wall and skin were closed with the tubing from the balloon exiting via the incision. The ...
... finger of a surgical glove and attached to a piece of silastic tubing (0.065 inch outer diameter) which was exteriorized through the duodenal incision and secured via purse-string ligature. The abdominal muscle wall and skin were closed with the tubing from the balloon exiting via the incision. The ...
Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits
... Lee, 2008). These experiments have uncovered neural signals at the single-cell level that are correlated with specific aspects of decision computation. Yet, in the mammalian brain, a decision is not made by single cells, but by the collective dynamics of a neural circuit. How are the observed neural ...
... Lee, 2008). These experiments have uncovered neural signals at the single-cell level that are correlated with specific aspects of decision computation. Yet, in the mammalian brain, a decision is not made by single cells, but by the collective dynamics of a neural circuit. How are the observed neural ...
Article
... the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since interneurons and their neurites are densely packed in the central nervous system (CNS), it has b ...
... the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since interneurons and their neurites are densely packed in the central nervous system (CNS), it has b ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... enkephalin and tachykinins was markedly decreased (Chesselet et al 1990) These studies suggest that cholinergic neurons are more resistant to ischemia than other neurons In view of existing differences we decided to investigate the changes in AChE synthesis after cerebral ischemia Since a transient ...
... enkephalin and tachykinins was markedly decreased (Chesselet et al 1990) These studies suggest that cholinergic neurons are more resistant to ischemia than other neurons In view of existing differences we decided to investigate the changes in AChE synthesis after cerebral ischemia Since a transient ...
final scientific program
... learning, memory, cognition, perception, action and ultimately conscious awareness. Electrophysiological recordings in behaving animals over the past forty years have revealed considerable information about what the firing patterns of single neurons encode in isolation, but it remains largely a myst ...
... learning, memory, cognition, perception, action and ultimately conscious awareness. Electrophysiological recordings in behaving animals over the past forty years have revealed considerable information about what the firing patterns of single neurons encode in isolation, but it remains largely a myst ...
PDF
... and reliable pattern of labeling was observed in the VCN. This pattern and the VCN cell types filled by such an injection have been described in detail previously (Doucet and Ryugo, 1997; Doucet et al., 1999b) and so will only be summarized. Microneurons and axons were labeled and distributed within ...
... and reliable pattern of labeling was observed in the VCN. This pattern and the VCN cell types filled by such an injection have been described in detail previously (Doucet and Ryugo, 1997; Doucet et al., 1999b) and so will only be summarized. Microneurons and axons were labeled and distributed within ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... binocular overlap and possibly weaker visual resolution than primates (Rensch and Altevogt, 1955). While the tip of the trunk is capable of fine manipulations, one cannot expect analogous vision-dependent behavioral performance in elephants as in chimpanzees with relatively complete binocular overlap ...
... binocular overlap and possibly weaker visual resolution than primates (Rensch and Altevogt, 1955). While the tip of the trunk is capable of fine manipulations, one cannot expect analogous vision-dependent behavioral performance in elephants as in chimpanzees with relatively complete binocular overlap ...
Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and
... The role of the sensorimotor striatum in habit learning and automaticity Whereas the associative striatum seems more critical to early than late stages of learning, the sensorimotor striatum shows the opposite pattern. For example, Miyachi et al. [14] found that most striatal neurons that responded ...
... The role of the sensorimotor striatum in habit learning and automaticity Whereas the associative striatum seems more critical to early than late stages of learning, the sensorimotor striatum shows the opposite pattern. For example, Miyachi et al. [14] found that most striatal neurons that responded ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.