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Behavioral dopamine signals
... In general terms, prediction errors might contribute to the self-organization of behavior. Brain mechanisms establish predictions, compare current inputs with predictions from previous experience and emit a prediction-error signal if a mismatch is detected. The error signal might function as an impu ...
... In general terms, prediction errors might contribute to the self-organization of behavior. Brain mechanisms establish predictions, compare current inputs with predictions from previous experience and emit a prediction-error signal if a mismatch is detected. The error signal might function as an impu ...
From Lesions to Leptin: Review Hypothalamic Control of Food
... portion of the molecule) were found to underlie the phenotype of the db/db mouse (Chen et al., 1996; Lee et al., 1996) and the Zucker fatty rat (White et al., 1997). Leptin administration to ob/ob mice not only decreases food intake and body weight but also corrects ...
... portion of the molecule) were found to underlie the phenotype of the db/db mouse (Chen et al., 1996; Lee et al., 1996) and the Zucker fatty rat (White et al., 1997). Leptin administration to ob/ob mice not only decreases food intake and body weight but also corrects ...
Leech Heart CPG
... labeled HN and are indexed by body side and midbody ganglion number [e.g., HN(L,3)]. Phase (Φx) of an interneuron X with respect to the G4 oscillator interneuron was calculated, on a cycle by cycle basis, as the difference in the median spike times (∆tX-4) divided by the G4 cycle period (T4), and th ...
... labeled HN and are indexed by body side and midbody ganglion number [e.g., HN(L,3)]. Phase (Φx) of an interneuron X with respect to the G4 oscillator interneuron was calculated, on a cycle by cycle basis, as the difference in the median spike times (∆tX-4) divided by the G4 cycle period (T4), and th ...
Fundamentals of the Nervous System, Part 2
... • Axodendritic—between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another • Axosomatic—between the axon of one neuron and the soma of another • Less common types: – Axoaxonic (axon to axon) – Dendrodendritic (dendrite to dendrite) – Dendrosomatic (dendrite to soma) ...
... • Axodendritic—between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another • Axosomatic—between the axon of one neuron and the soma of another • Less common types: – Axoaxonic (axon to axon) – Dendrodendritic (dendrite to dendrite) – Dendrosomatic (dendrite to soma) ...
Article Full Text PDF
... Fig. 2B1); (2) it contains a dense neuropil comprised of numerous afferent fibers; (3) axons inside the AC lack myelin. Three types of axons were distinguished: (a) the M-axon runs dorsomedially and a myelinated portion (Fig. 2B1), an unmyelinated initial segment (Fig. 2B2), and an axon hillock (Fig ...
... Fig. 2B1); (2) it contains a dense neuropil comprised of numerous afferent fibers; (3) axons inside the AC lack myelin. Three types of axons were distinguished: (a) the M-axon runs dorsomedially and a myelinated portion (Fig. 2B1), an unmyelinated initial segment (Fig. 2B2), and an axon hillock (Fig ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
... visual search for feature conjunctions (Treisman, 1996, 1998), and is likely to have a relatively straightforward solution because features are naturally assigned spatial tags in topographic representations within the visual cortex. Thus, while this form of the problem is not solved—we do not know h ...
... visual search for feature conjunctions (Treisman, 1996, 1998), and is likely to have a relatively straightforward solution because features are naturally assigned spatial tags in topographic representations within the visual cortex. Thus, while this form of the problem is not solved—we do not know h ...
Nutrition in Brain Development and Aging: Role of Essential Fatty
... postnatal period. They are also increasingly seen to be of value in limiting the cognitive decline during aging. EFA deficiency was first shown over 75 years ago, but the more subtle effects of the n-3 fatty acids in terms of skin changes, a poor response to linoleic acid supplementation, abnormal v ...
... postnatal period. They are also increasingly seen to be of value in limiting the cognitive decline during aging. EFA deficiency was first shown over 75 years ago, but the more subtle effects of the n-3 fatty acids in terms of skin changes, a poor response to linoleic acid supplementation, abnormal v ...
Somatic motor pathways
... Receptors may also be grouped based on location of the receptors and the origin of the stimuli that activate them. Exteroreceptors include: hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration and pain. Interoreceptors monitor the body’s internal environment. Proprioceptors provide info ...
... Receptors may also be grouped based on location of the receptors and the origin of the stimuli that activate them. Exteroreceptors include: hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration and pain. Interoreceptors monitor the body’s internal environment. Proprioceptors provide info ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC– enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to ...
... which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC– enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to ...
... since the analysis of changes in mental processes resulting from brain damage became the basis for understanding the brain organization. The human parietal cortex is a highly differentiated structure, consisting of citoarchitectonically defined subareas that are connected to other cortical and subco ...
Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... M), which specifically binds with nicotinic receptors at the tadpole neuromuscular junctions (Li et al., 2004b; Li et al., 2014). After immobilization with ␣-bungarotoxin, the tadpole was re-pinned in the dissection bath and further cuts were made to remove ependymal cells from the inside of the hi ...
... M), which specifically binds with nicotinic receptors at the tadpole neuromuscular junctions (Li et al., 2004b; Li et al., 2014). After immobilization with ␣-bungarotoxin, the tadpole was re-pinned in the dissection bath and further cuts were made to remove ependymal cells from the inside of the hi ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... small differences between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP ...
... small differences between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP ...
Membrane Phospholipid Asymmetry Counters the
... Mannosidase II (ManII) is a Golgi-localized enzyme involved in glycoprotein processing and has often been used as a Golgi marker. In control neurons, the Golgi apparatus labeled by ManII-eGFP is seen as punctated structures scattered throughout the soma (Figure 3), a morphology that is typical for t ...
... Mannosidase II (ManII) is a Golgi-localized enzyme involved in glycoprotein processing and has often been used as a Golgi marker. In control neurons, the Golgi apparatus labeled by ManII-eGFP is seen as punctated structures scattered throughout the soma (Figure 3), a morphology that is typical for t ...
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
... cortical inputs that appear lesser in magnitude (V3A, VP, PIP) as well as many subcortical inputs. The sources of the direct and indirect projections from V1 are probably not defined purely by cell morphology (i.e., spiny stellate versus pyramidal; see Elston & Rosa 1997), though they are largely dis ...
... cortical inputs that appear lesser in magnitude (V3A, VP, PIP) as well as many subcortical inputs. The sources of the direct and indirect projections from V1 are probably not defined purely by cell morphology (i.e., spiny stellate versus pyramidal; see Elston & Rosa 1997), though they are largely dis ...
Understanding Embodied Cognition through Dynamical Systems
... lower left quadrant. As neurons in the nervous system are richly connected, there are many potential sources for such transient perturbations. Any given neuronal state will persist long enough to have an effect on other neurons only if it is stabilized against the majority of such perturbative inpu ...
... lower left quadrant. As neurons in the nervous system are richly connected, there are many potential sources for such transient perturbations. Any given neuronal state will persist long enough to have an effect on other neurons only if it is stabilized against the majority of such perturbative inpu ...
Sleep and sleep states: Thalamic regulation
... by oscillations, such as delta oscillations and slower oscillations. The thalamus, together with the cortex, participates in generating and sustaining these oscillations. Delta waves were observed in the isolated cortex in vivo by Frost and colleagues in 1966, and delta-wave activity has been found ...
... by oscillations, such as delta oscillations and slower oscillations. The thalamus, together with the cortex, participates in generating and sustaining these oscillations. Delta waves were observed in the isolated cortex in vivo by Frost and colleagues in 1966, and delta-wave activity has been found ...
Stress and Glucocorticoids Affect the Expression of Brain
... and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) (Hallbrook et al., 1991). All these neurotrophic factors are expressed in high concentrations in the hippocampus as well as in other specific brain nuclei. BDNF is found throughout the adult brain in concentrations 50 times higher than NGF itself and may be trophic for a wi ...
... and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) (Hallbrook et al., 1991). All these neurotrophic factors are expressed in high concentrations in the hippocampus as well as in other specific brain nuclei. BDNF is found throughout the adult brain in concentrations 50 times higher than NGF itself and may be trophic for a wi ...
Apomorphine Induces Contralateral Rotation 1 Running Head
... substance,” either apomorphine or d-amphetamine, injected into rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the SN. The model initially described by Ungerstedt has been repeatedly tested and will allow us to accurately predicting the identity of the mystery substance based on the rotational behavior obser ...
... substance,” either apomorphine or d-amphetamine, injected into rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the SN. The model initially described by Ungerstedt has been repeatedly tested and will allow us to accurately predicting the identity of the mystery substance based on the rotational behavior obser ...
Trigeminal Ganglion Cell Processes Are
... pattern to the brainstem trigeminal nuclei occurs along a preexisting, spatially aligned bridge formed by the trigeminal ganglion cells. Primary sensory afferents that connect the periphery to the CNS navigate through a variety of substrates and across considerable distances before contacting target ...
... pattern to the brainstem trigeminal nuclei occurs along a preexisting, spatially aligned bridge formed by the trigeminal ganglion cells. Primary sensory afferents that connect the periphery to the CNS navigate through a variety of substrates and across considerable distances before contacting target ...
Action, time and the basal ganglia - Philosophical Transactions of
... seldom acknowledged. Here, I shall explain some of these implications in the kinaesthetic domain by focusing on the timing of actions. When we move, our body changes its posture, the configurations of different body parts. Not only can we maintain specific body configurations, we can also control ho ...
... seldom acknowledged. Here, I shall explain some of these implications in the kinaesthetic domain by focusing on the timing of actions. When we move, our body changes its posture, the configurations of different body parts. Not only can we maintain specific body configurations, we can also control ho ...
Maruska & Tricas 2009b
... semicircular canals that serve a vestibular function to encode angular accelerations, and three otolithic endorgans (saccule, lagena, and utricle) that serve gravistasis and auditory functions to encode linear particle motion. Auditory information is transferred from the hair-cell sensory maculae vi ...
... semicircular canals that serve a vestibular function to encode angular accelerations, and three otolithic endorgans (saccule, lagena, and utricle) that serve gravistasis and auditory functions to encode linear particle motion. Auditory information is transferred from the hair-cell sensory maculae vi ...
Different Types of Cerebellar GABAergic Interneurons Originate from
... or whether they derive from multiple precursor pools with restricted potentialities. Indeed, neurotransmitter phenotypes (Hoshino et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005; Fink et al., 2006) and certain neuron identities [e.g., granule cells (Alder et al., 1996)] are specified at early stages of cerebellar o ...
... or whether they derive from multiple precursor pools with restricted potentialities. Indeed, neurotransmitter phenotypes (Hoshino et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005; Fink et al., 2006) and certain neuron identities [e.g., granule cells (Alder et al., 1996)] are specified at early stages of cerebellar o ...
Current Challenges Facing the Translation of Brain
... to point processes using voltage thresholding, simplifying the design of decoding algorithms, especially when large MEAs are employed. Further analysis using automated or semiautomated clustering algorithms or manual feature detection allows classification of multiple individual neurons recorded fro ...
... to point processes using voltage thresholding, simplifying the design of decoding algorithms, especially when large MEAs are employed. Further analysis using automated or semiautomated clustering algorithms or manual feature detection allows classification of multiple individual neurons recorded fro ...
The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord
... • If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) • If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the ves ...
... • If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) • If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the ves ...
Sympathetically-correlated spinal cord neurons in rats
... • Ascends to midbrain, enters superior cerebellar peduncle, and decussates again, and enters cerebellar cortex ...
... • Ascends to midbrain, enters superior cerebellar peduncle, and decussates again, and enters cerebellar cortex ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.