Chaos in the Brain. - Brain Dynamics Laboratory
... dynamics are linear; otherwise it is nonlinear. • In a linear system, there is a linear relation between causes and effects (small causes have small effects); in a nonlinear system this is not necessarily so: small causes may have large effects. • A dynamical system is conservative if the important ...
... dynamics are linear; otherwise it is nonlinear. • In a linear system, there is a linear relation between causes and effects (small causes have small effects); in a nonlinear system this is not necessarily so: small causes may have large effects. • A dynamical system is conservative if the important ...
7 Ghrelin signalling
... Ghrelin is produced in small quantities in other parts of the digestive tract. It is also produced in the pancreas, in ghrelin neurons in the hypothalamus, in glomeruli of the kidney and in syncytiotrophoblast cells of placenta ...
... Ghrelin is produced in small quantities in other parts of the digestive tract. It is also produced in the pancreas, in ghrelin neurons in the hypothalamus, in glomeruli of the kidney and in syncytiotrophoblast cells of placenta ...
Cortical Motor Organization, Mirror Neurons, and
... The recent conceptual achievement that the cortical motor system plays a crucial role not only in motor control but also in higher cognitive functions has given a new perspective also on the involvement of motor cortex in language perception and production. In particular, there is evidence that the ...
... The recent conceptual achievement that the cortical motor system plays a crucial role not only in motor control but also in higher cognitive functions has given a new perspective also on the involvement of motor cortex in language perception and production. In particular, there is evidence that the ...
The Receptive Fields of Inferior Temporal Cortex Neurons in Natural
... was no clear pattern to these saccades, and it was only when a saccade landed near the object that the monkey reached to touch the object if it was the target of the search. In the blank scene, often one saccade was sufficient, but especially when two stimuli were on the screen, one or two more sacc ...
... was no clear pattern to these saccades, and it was only when a saccade landed near the object that the monkey reached to touch the object if it was the target of the search. In the blank scene, often one saccade was sufficient, but especially when two stimuli were on the screen, one or two more sacc ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... tasks. We consider the activity of four types of connected pulvinar neuassess visual responses to directional motion, we presented a moving rons. We focus primarily on the three types that we classified as belonging stimulus, randomly selected from one of eight canonical directions seponly to the as ...
... tasks. We consider the activity of four types of connected pulvinar neuassess visual responses to directional motion, we presented a moving rons. We focus primarily on the three types that we classified as belonging stimulus, randomly selected from one of eight canonical directions seponly to the as ...
Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling controls the migration and
... by all major cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), and a growing body of evidence shows that chemokines and their receptors mediate cellular communication in the CNS (MélikParsadaniantz and Rostène, 2008; Mithal et al., 2012; Zhu and Murakami, 2012). For example, projection neurons in the ...
... by all major cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), and a growing body of evidence shows that chemokines and their receptors mediate cellular communication in the CNS (MélikParsadaniantz and Rostène, 2008; Mithal et al., 2012; Zhu and Murakami, 2012). For example, projection neurons in the ...
The Drosophila Pox neuro gene: control of male courtship behavior
... a large deficiency Df(2R)WMG uncovering sli and Poxn to screen for Poxn lethal mutations or, if Poxn was not a lethal locus, for Poxn mutant flies with missing chemosensory bristles on the anterior wing margins and legs. Such an adult Poxn mutant phenotype could be expected from the expression of Po ...
... a large deficiency Df(2R)WMG uncovering sli and Poxn to screen for Poxn lethal mutations or, if Poxn was not a lethal locus, for Poxn mutant flies with missing chemosensory bristles on the anterior wing margins and legs. Such an adult Poxn mutant phenotype could be expected from the expression of Po ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... important factor for the modulation of their responses clearly highlights the limits of the reward-related information encoded by these neurons. Data from this study do not fit with our findings obtained in a Pavlovian-conditioned task in which TANs fail to encode information concerning the specific ...
... important factor for the modulation of their responses clearly highlights the limits of the reward-related information encoded by these neurons. Data from this study do not fit with our findings obtained in a Pavlovian-conditioned task in which TANs fail to encode information concerning the specific ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
... rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affected by back-propagating action potentials (see below). The ...
... rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affected by back-propagating action potentials (see below). The ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... Heart failure is a consummate example of multisystem disorder and is characterized by neurohumoral excitation. The consequences of NHE include increased sympathetic activity, enhanced renal sodium and water reabsorption, and decreased renal perfusion resulting in the activation of a number of peptid ...
... Heart failure is a consummate example of multisystem disorder and is characterized by neurohumoral excitation. The consequences of NHE include increased sympathetic activity, enhanced renal sodium and water reabsorption, and decreased renal perfusion resulting in the activation of a number of peptid ...
Globus tracing guidelines using Slicer K
... 3. Select Edit and choose the Draw Tool. Globus Pallidus structural boundaries: Globus pallidus boundaries are based on the paper Globus Pallidus Tracing Guidelines by J. Ward, et al. The Anterior Commissure is used as the starting point for the inferior boundary. For symmetrical AC’s – use the row ...
... 3. Select Edit and choose the Draw Tool. Globus Pallidus structural boundaries: Globus pallidus boundaries are based on the paper Globus Pallidus Tracing Guidelines by J. Ward, et al. The Anterior Commissure is used as the starting point for the inferior boundary. For symmetrical AC’s – use the row ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
... rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affected by back-propagating action potentials (see below). The ...
... rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affected by back-propagating action potentials (see below). The ...
The non-motor complications in Parkinson`s disease
... in search for deficient cognition. Similar phenomenon was found in rats, which displayed an impairment of memory acquisition and retention processes that was worsened with L-DOPA treatments [67]. It is likely that L-DOPA-induced increase in dopamine release in extrastriatal circuits can impair cogni ...
... in search for deficient cognition. Similar phenomenon was found in rats, which displayed an impairment of memory acquisition and retention processes that was worsened with L-DOPA treatments [67]. It is likely that L-DOPA-induced increase in dopamine release in extrastriatal circuits can impair cogni ...
Sample
... b. the creation of chemical transmitters by electrical energy. c. an exchange of positive and negative ions through the cell membrane. Correct: It is through the exchange of negative and positive ions through the cell membrane that a neuron is capable of “firing,” or releasing neurotransmitters. d. ...
... b. the creation of chemical transmitters by electrical energy. c. an exchange of positive and negative ions through the cell membrane. Correct: It is through the exchange of negative and positive ions through the cell membrane that a neuron is capable of “firing,” or releasing neurotransmitters. d. ...
Neuropathological Characteristics of Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injury
... Nerve root avulsion is the most severe BPI at any age (6), and spontaneous recovery is generally not possible due to complete disconnection of the nerve structure and accompanying axons from the spinal cord (7). In neonates with BPI, the most common injury affects the upper trunk (85%), including bo ...
... Nerve root avulsion is the most severe BPI at any age (6), and spontaneous recovery is generally not possible due to complete disconnection of the nerve structure and accompanying axons from the spinal cord (7). In neonates with BPI, the most common injury affects the upper trunk (85%), including bo ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
Central Topography of Cranial Motor Nuclei Controlled by
... features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellu ...
... features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellu ...
Galanin in Alzheimer s disease: Neuroinhibitory or neuroprotective?
... GAL-tg mice demonstrated a downregulation of ChAT mRNA per cell within the horizontal limb without a difference in the number of ChAT mRNAcontaining neurons in this area [87]. Hence, GAL overexpression in the basal forebrain of GAL-tg mice may selectively reduce the expression of the cholinergic neu ...
... GAL-tg mice demonstrated a downregulation of ChAT mRNA per cell within the horizontal limb without a difference in the number of ChAT mRNAcontaining neurons in this area [87]. Hence, GAL overexpression in the basal forebrain of GAL-tg mice may selectively reduce the expression of the cholinergic neu ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... actual anatomical complexity of the nerve centers to simple diagrams suitable for theoretical arguments. Within the extreme variety of connections established by any one neuron with neurons of the same or of distant pools there is a systematic repetition of two fundamental types of circuit, which ma ...
... actual anatomical complexity of the nerve centers to simple diagrams suitable for theoretical arguments. Within the extreme variety of connections established by any one neuron with neurons of the same or of distant pools there is a systematic repetition of two fundamental types of circuit, which ma ...
1 - Test Bank
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
The architectural balance of the Ventral Nerve Cord depends
... The level of JNK activity in specific puc-positive neurons determines the architectural balance of the VNC The reduced architectural robustness of the VNC observed in puc could be the result of autonomous malfunction of the JNK pathway in the CNS, or just a structural consequence of the general disr ...
... The level of JNK activity in specific puc-positive neurons determines the architectural balance of the VNC The reduced architectural robustness of the VNC observed in puc could be the result of autonomous malfunction of the JNK pathway in the CNS, or just a structural consequence of the general disr ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... (OX1R) and orexin-2 receptor (OX2R), have been identified in mammals [2]. We initially identified orexin peptides using cells expressing OX1R, which has a 1-order-ofmagnitude greater affinity for orexin-A compared with orexin-B. BLAST search for EST data bases with OX1R sequence as a query led us id ...
... (OX1R) and orexin-2 receptor (OX2R), have been identified in mammals [2]. We initially identified orexin peptides using cells expressing OX1R, which has a 1-order-ofmagnitude greater affinity for orexin-A compared with orexin-B. BLAST search for EST data bases with OX1R sequence as a query led us id ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... FEF contributes to selecting the target and shifting attention before gaze shifts, both saccadic and pursuit [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus ...
... FEF contributes to selecting the target and shifting attention before gaze shifts, both saccadic and pursuit [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus ...
BOX 34.3 DISEASES AND AGING IMPAIR THE AUTONOMIC
... The importance of the autonomic nervous system to health often goes unnoticed. When ANS functions operate normally, they typically occur automatically, without the individual being aware of any adjustments. Nevertheless, loss of an autonomic response can be disruptive, and autonomic disorders can be ...
... The importance of the autonomic nervous system to health often goes unnoticed. When ANS functions operate normally, they typically occur automatically, without the individual being aware of any adjustments. Nevertheless, loss of an autonomic response can be disruptive, and autonomic disorders can be ...
Location of the polysensory zone in the precentral gyrus
... the body did not give consistent responses. One site had a visual response but no detectable somatosensory response. The visual response at this location was similar to the responses found at the other locations, in that it was best for objects near the body. We did not find any trimodal, visual-tac ...
... the body did not give consistent responses. One site had a visual response but no detectable somatosensory response. The visual response at this location was similar to the responses found at the other locations, in that it was best for objects near the body. We did not find any trimodal, visual-tac ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.