Taste and Smell
... When an animal inhales odorous molecules, these molecules bind to specialized proteins, known as receptor proteins, that are found in the nerve endings in the olfactory epithelium. Binding of odors to these receptors initiates an electrical signal that travels along the axons to the olfactory bulb, ...
... When an animal inhales odorous molecules, these molecules bind to specialized proteins, known as receptor proteins, that are found in the nerve endings in the olfactory epithelium. Binding of odors to these receptors initiates an electrical signal that travels along the axons to the olfactory bulb, ...
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... classes of mammalian brain neurons and neuronal networks. Such efforts find justification in leading towards a better fundamental understanding of the molecular processes that shape neuronal function, but also in identifying and validating novel targets for discovery research aimed at developing new ...
... classes of mammalian brain neurons and neuronal networks. Such efforts find justification in leading towards a better fundamental understanding of the molecular processes that shape neuronal function, but also in identifying and validating novel targets for discovery research aimed at developing new ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... family of transcription factors to regulate the expression profile of two classes of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors (Class I/Class II) in the ventral spinal cord (Shirasaki & Pfaff 2002). Shh induces expression of the more ventrally expressed Class II protein genes, whereas genes encoding Cl ...
... family of transcription factors to regulate the expression profile of two classes of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors (Class I/Class II) in the ventral spinal cord (Shirasaki & Pfaff 2002). Shh induces expression of the more ventrally expressed Class II protein genes, whereas genes encoding Cl ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
... transfer of Barley lectin (BL), and expressed BL under the control of LHRH promoter (6). Sites of BL expression, while also visualizing minor labeling along the vomeronasal pathway, also evidenced major and yet undescribed input from the main olfactory system. These results provide strong support to ...
... transfer of Barley lectin (BL), and expressed BL under the control of LHRH promoter (6). Sites of BL expression, while also visualizing minor labeling along the vomeronasal pathway, also evidenced major and yet undescribed input from the main olfactory system. These results provide strong support to ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... afferents on their shafts becomes more apparent when their forms are reconstructed from serial thin sections, as shown in Figs. 3-7. At this point it will help to give an indication of how to interpret the five reconstructions illustrated here. As shown from the I ~m markers, the reconstructed lengt ...
... afferents on their shafts becomes more apparent when their forms are reconstructed from serial thin sections, as shown in Figs. 3-7. At this point it will help to give an indication of how to interpret the five reconstructions illustrated here. As shown from the I ~m markers, the reconstructed lengt ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
No Slide Title
... Many visual areas are organized as retinotopic maps: locations next to each other in the outside world are represented by neurons close to each other in cortex. Although the topology is thus preserved, the mapping typically is highly nonlinear (yielding large deformations in representation). ...
... Many visual areas are organized as retinotopic maps: locations next to each other in the outside world are represented by neurons close to each other in cortex. Although the topology is thus preserved, the mapping typically is highly nonlinear (yielding large deformations in representation). ...
Emergence of new signal-primitives in neural systems
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
Burst Firing and Modulation of Functional Connectivity in Cat Striate
... Another view suggests that discrete structures within the spike train form a specific code that is relevant to the decision making processes of postsynaptic neurons. The exact means by which information is encoded in these sequences (or even if it is encoded) still are being debated (Shadlen and New ...
... Another view suggests that discrete structures within the spike train form a specific code that is relevant to the decision making processes of postsynaptic neurons. The exact means by which information is encoded in these sequences (or even if it is encoded) still are being debated (Shadlen and New ...
Stephen Hawking
... spinal cord. Motor neurons are nerve cells that control your movement. The upper and lower motor neurons are an important part of the body’s neuromuscular system. Over time, ALS causes these motor neurons to ...
... spinal cord. Motor neurons are nerve cells that control your movement. The upper and lower motor neurons are an important part of the body’s neuromuscular system. Over time, ALS causes these motor neurons to ...
PERSPECTIVES
... and during a dimming-detection task that is highly demanding on the subject’s attention. The results showed a selective increase in MEPs in the regions that the subjects normally use for producing the observed movements. This increase was found during the observation of goal-directed movements and o ...
... and during a dimming-detection task that is highly demanding on the subject’s attention. The results showed a selective increase in MEPs in the regions that the subjects normally use for producing the observed movements. This increase was found during the observation of goal-directed movements and o ...
Spinal Kyphosis Causes Demyelination and Neuronal Loss in the
... and abnormal arrangement of the blood vessels. As the kyphotic angle increased, these changes became more marked, especially in the ventral side of the spinal cord that was directly exposed to mechanical compression.” DISCUSSION Birds are bipeds and try to maintain their head parallel to the ground, ...
... and abnormal arrangement of the blood vessels. As the kyphotic angle increased, these changes became more marked, especially in the ventral side of the spinal cord that was directly exposed to mechanical compression.” DISCUSSION Birds are bipeds and try to maintain their head parallel to the ground, ...
the axon hillock and the initial segment
... is not really a part of the limiting membrane; instead, it is a thin layer of powdery densities, about 100 A thick, separated from the surface membrane by a clear interval of about 30 A (Figs. 3 and 5). As its margins are not distinct, these measurements cannot be precise. The undercoating extends f ...
... is not really a part of the limiting membrane; instead, it is a thin layer of powdery densities, about 100 A thick, separated from the surface membrane by a clear interval of about 30 A (Figs. 3 and 5). As its margins are not distinct, these measurements cannot be precise. The undercoating extends f ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
A1 - 58 - University of Pittsburgh
... the skin, directly onto the nerves or onto the muscles, providing direct contact to the source of the electrical signal [5]. Each version has both advantages and disadvantages, each designed to provide the highest quality of life such that the technology can be sustainable in the long run. Implantab ...
... the skin, directly onto the nerves or onto the muscles, providing direct contact to the source of the electrical signal [5]. Each version has both advantages and disadvantages, each designed to provide the highest quality of life such that the technology can be sustainable in the long run. Implantab ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... Whole-cell measurements of MECIII membrane potential in naturally sleeping animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the tempora ...
... Whole-cell measurements of MECIII membrane potential in naturally sleeping animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the tempora ...
Drug-Use-and-Abuse-8th-Edition-Howard-Abadinsky
... Children born to __________-addicted mothers, in addition to having a host of other physical problems, such as small size, anemia, heart disease, hepatitis, and pneumonia, also suffer from withdrawal symptoms. ANS: heroin ...
... Children born to __________-addicted mothers, in addition to having a host of other physical problems, such as small size, anemia, heart disease, hepatitis, and pneumonia, also suffer from withdrawal symptoms. ANS: heroin ...
Surface-view connectivity patterns of area 18 in cats
... and the rostrocaudal positions of these patches reflected the placement of the associated injections. This arrangement of area 17 inputs to area 18, as revealed by the locations of patches of retrogradelylabeled cells in area 17, was also apparent following separate FR, FB and WGA-HRP area 18 inject ...
... and the rostrocaudal positions of these patches reflected the placement of the associated injections. This arrangement of area 17 inputs to area 18, as revealed by the locations of patches of retrogradelylabeled cells in area 17, was also apparent following separate FR, FB and WGA-HRP area 18 inject ...
Cochlea and Auditory Pathways
... Hearing begins with pressure waves impacting the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate. The vibration is transmitted from malleus to incus to stapes. The stapes rocks in & out, causing the membrane of the oval window to produce pressure waves within perilymph of the scala vestibuli. Pressure is t ...
... Hearing begins with pressure waves impacting the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate. The vibration is transmitted from malleus to incus to stapes. The stapes rocks in & out, causing the membrane of the oval window to produce pressure waves within perilymph of the scala vestibuli. Pressure is t ...
Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system
... display unusual features during migration. Examining these subsystems offers not only the potential for insights into the development of the system, but may also help in understanding disorders arising from aberrant cell migration. The olfactory system is an ancient sensory circuit that is essential ...
... display unusual features during migration. Examining these subsystems offers not only the potential for insights into the development of the system, but may also help in understanding disorders arising from aberrant cell migration. The olfactory system is an ancient sensory circuit that is essential ...
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... Cerebral blood flow in the human brain during REM sleep is high in the visual association cortex but low in the inferior frontal cortex (concerned with planning, strategies) Eye movements during REM sleep may be related to the visual imagery that occurs while we dream Particular brain mechanisms tha ...
... Cerebral blood flow in the human brain during REM sleep is high in the visual association cortex but low in the inferior frontal cortex (concerned with planning, strategies) Eye movements during REM sleep may be related to the visual imagery that occurs while we dream Particular brain mechanisms tha ...
Corticosteroid–serotonin interactions in the
... response of the body to a demand’’, may also be described as any environmental change, either internal or external, that disturbs the maintenance of homeostasis (Leonard, 2005). The term ‘‘stress’’ can be used in two ways: either to identify events or circumstances that are perceived adversely (‘‘st ...
... response of the body to a demand’’, may also be described as any environmental change, either internal or external, that disturbs the maintenance of homeostasis (Leonard, 2005). The term ‘‘stress’’ can be used in two ways: either to identify events or circumstances that are perceived adversely (‘‘st ...
Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem
... The mean Gal concentration in the sera of CRC patients was 119.47 pg/ml and was significantly higher than the mean Gal serum concentration in healthy volunteers 50.14 pg/ml. The highest levels of Gal were identified in the homogenates obtained from tumor tissue and mucosa from the non-cancerous sect ...
... The mean Gal concentration in the sera of CRC patients was 119.47 pg/ml and was significantly higher than the mean Gal serum concentration in healthy volunteers 50.14 pg/ml. The highest levels of Gal were identified in the homogenates obtained from tumor tissue and mucosa from the non-cancerous sect ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... innervate, and only connections with respect to a single, representative STN cell are shown. The right column displays activity patterns for the more-structured architecture shown in (b). In this architecture, each STN neuron still connects to only one GPe neuron, and each GPe inhibits a small numbe ...
... innervate, and only connections with respect to a single, representative STN cell are shown. The right column displays activity patterns for the more-structured architecture shown in (b). In this architecture, each STN neuron still connects to only one GPe neuron, and each GPe inhibits a small numbe ...
Endocannabinoids and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Parkinson`s
... antioxidants (coenzyme Q10, N-acetylcysteine); and anti-inflammatory compounds (minocycline). However, their advantage is that they combine all these properties in a single molecule or in a mixture of two or more CBs. This is extremely important in neurodegenerative disorders as neuronal damage also ...
... antioxidants (coenzyme Q10, N-acetylcysteine); and anti-inflammatory compounds (minocycline). However, their advantage is that they combine all these properties in a single molecule or in a mixture of two or more CBs. This is extremely important in neurodegenerative disorders as neuronal damage also ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.