Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... the task training and single-unit recording sessions, the rat was placed in the restraining device with ...
... the task training and single-unit recording sessions, the rat was placed in the restraining device with ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... Locomotion is one of the most vivid expressions of the central nervous system in action. Looking at people walking in the street or the ballet dancer on the stage, motion seems effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated moto ...
... Locomotion is one of the most vivid expressions of the central nervous system in action. Looking at people walking in the street or the ballet dancer on the stage, motion seems effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated moto ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... Research has indicated that midbrain dopaminergic neurons respond with an increase in their firing rate when the situation is better than expected (positive surprise). This signal is in accordance with a reinforcement error signal. However, the low tonic discharge rate of the dopaminergic neurons su ...
... Research has indicated that midbrain dopaminergic neurons respond with an increase in their firing rate when the situation is better than expected (positive surprise). This signal is in accordance with a reinforcement error signal. However, the low tonic discharge rate of the dopaminergic neurons su ...
Here follows a list of recently published papers
... pic.twitter.com/EnJZT1fdBv Assessing the effects of common variation in the FOXP2 gene on human brain structure @FrontNeurosci http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00473/abstract … A new article explains how GABAergic inhibition at dendrites regulates localized neuronal Ca2+ sig ...
... pic.twitter.com/EnJZT1fdBv Assessing the effects of common variation in the FOXP2 gene on human brain structure @FrontNeurosci http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00473/abstract … A new article explains how GABAergic inhibition at dendrites regulates localized neuronal Ca2+ sig ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... pathways. Unfortunately, the toluene exposure conditions failed to resemble those commensurate with acute or chronic toluene abuse (the 100 ppm condition alone may be considered an occupational-type exposure, though no significant results were seen at this dose), hence its applicability to mechanism ...
... pathways. Unfortunately, the toluene exposure conditions failed to resemble those commensurate with acute or chronic toluene abuse (the 100 ppm condition alone may be considered an occupational-type exposure, though no significant results were seen at this dose), hence its applicability to mechanism ...
Independent Functions of Slit–Robo Repulsion and Netrin– Frazzled
... idea that Netrin, secreted by midline cells, signals through DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma)/UNC40/Frazzled receptors to attract commissural axons toward and across the midline, whereas Slit signals through Robo family receptors to prevent commissural axons from recrossing the midline, as well ...
... idea that Netrin, secreted by midline cells, signals through DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma)/UNC40/Frazzled receptors to attract commissural axons toward and across the midline, whereas Slit signals through Robo family receptors to prevent commissural axons from recrossing the midline, as well ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... Chen, 2006). Axons from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) terminate in distinct nonoverlapping eye-specific domains in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). The majority of eye-specific segregation occurs postnatally before the onset of vision, but synaptic pruning continues in monocular regions ...
... Chen, 2006). Axons from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) terminate in distinct nonoverlapping eye-specific domains in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). The majority of eye-specific segregation occurs postnatally before the onset of vision, but synaptic pruning continues in monocular regions ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... the fact that most of our cortical electrode penetrations had recording depths indicating that the neurons were located in the middle cortical layers. We did not make any electrolytic lesions in the present study, however, and did not reconstruct the SII neuronal recording sites with respect to the ...
... the fact that most of our cortical electrode penetrations had recording depths indicating that the neurons were located in the middle cortical layers. We did not make any electrolytic lesions in the present study, however, and did not reconstruct the SII neuronal recording sites with respect to the ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Flies show a conditioned approach towards the trained odor in the test. We interpret this as a change of the hedonic value of the US. The associative strength is less strong than for delay conditioning and the ISI range for learning is smaller. Th ...
... LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Flies show a conditioned approach towards the trained odor in the test. We interpret this as a change of the hedonic value of the US. The associative strength is less strong than for delay conditioning and the ISI range for learning is smaller. Th ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... The central nervous system is generally considered to have been more conserved during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1 ...
... The central nervous system is generally considered to have been more conserved during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1 ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... dopamine neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (that is, the difference between expected and actual rewards), these cells can also signal aversion, saliency, uncertainty and novelty2,3. They are heterogeneous in their anatomical location, targets to which they project, elec ...
... dopamine neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (that is, the difference between expected and actual rewards), these cells can also signal aversion, saliency, uncertainty and novelty2,3. They are heterogeneous in their anatomical location, targets to which they project, elec ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... Box 1: Organization of the Mature Corticospinal System The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and ...
... Box 1: Organization of the Mature Corticospinal System The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and ...
PDF
... Sensory ganglia were dissected from 8-day-old chick embryos and incubated in rings (0-5 x2-3 cm) containing either 1 ml of control medium (C) (medium 199:chicken serum:buffered saline; 2:1:1, v/v) or 1 ml of medium containing NGF (N) (as C but containing 0-025 /«g ml- 1 of NGF) for periods of either ...
... Sensory ganglia were dissected from 8-day-old chick embryos and incubated in rings (0-5 x2-3 cm) containing either 1 ml of control medium (C) (medium 199:chicken serum:buffered saline; 2:1:1, v/v) or 1 ml of medium containing NGF (N) (as C but containing 0-025 /«g ml- 1 of NGF) for periods of either ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... Labeled neurons were found in all major nuclei of the vestibular complex. The lateral (LVe) and the superior (SuVe) vestibular nuclei were ipsilaterally labeled (Fig. 10, 11). The medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) and the spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVe) were bilaterally labeled (Fig. 10, 11, 12, 13, ...
... Labeled neurons were found in all major nuclei of the vestibular complex. The lateral (LVe) and the superior (SuVe) vestibular nuclei were ipsilaterally labeled (Fig. 10, 11). The medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) and the spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVe) were bilaterally labeled (Fig. 10, 11, 12, 13, ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. The entorhinal cortex is damaged in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and also in temp ...
... eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. The entorhinal cortex is damaged in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and also in temp ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... sequence ended with a spend choice). However, the relationship between spend probability and sequence progress varied between interest rate conditions, reflecting the animals’ preferences for different sequence lengths (Figure 1C). The animals typically preferred shorter sequences when interest was ...
... sequence ended with a spend choice). However, the relationship between spend probability and sequence progress varied between interest rate conditions, reflecting the animals’ preferences for different sequence lengths (Figure 1C). The animals typically preferred shorter sequences when interest was ...
Mice Lacking M1 and M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Have
... in odor discrimination of closely related molecules, including stereoisomers. However, the discrimination of dissimilar molecules, social odors (e.g., urine) and novel object recognition was not affected. In addition the KO mice showed impaired learning in an associative odor-learning task, learning ...
... in odor discrimination of closely related molecules, including stereoisomers. However, the discrimination of dissimilar molecules, social odors (e.g., urine) and novel object recognition was not affected. In addition the KO mice showed impaired learning in an associative odor-learning task, learning ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... innervate limb muscles are located in the lateral motor column (LMC) and are generated only at levels of the neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the m ...
... innervate limb muscles are located in the lateral motor column (LMC) and are generated only at levels of the neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the m ...
PDF
... expression is controversial. In PC12 cells, NGF has been reported to either have no effect on trkA mRNA (Kaplan et al., 1991b) or to increase its level (Holtzman et al., 1992). Prolonged in vivoexposure of forebrain cholinergic neurons to exogenous NGF causes a modest increase in the grain density i ...
... expression is controversial. In PC12 cells, NGF has been reported to either have no effect on trkA mRNA (Kaplan et al., 1991b) or to increase its level (Holtzman et al., 1992). Prolonged in vivoexposure of forebrain cholinergic neurons to exogenous NGF causes a modest increase in the grain density i ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo
... Each hemiganglion has been reported previously to contain 12 distinct Dep MNs that can be identified according to the size and shape of their extracellular action potential and their conduction velocity (Bévengut et al. 1996). Figure 2 shows intracellular recordings of these 12 MNs, which were impa ...
... Each hemiganglion has been reported previously to contain 12 distinct Dep MNs that can be identified according to the size and shape of their extracellular action potential and their conduction velocity (Bévengut et al. 1996). Figure 2 shows intracellular recordings of these 12 MNs, which were impa ...
Molecular and functional anatomy of the mouse olfactory epithelium
... both neural (OSNs and GBCs) or non-neural cells (Bowman’s glands, sustentacular cells and cells of the respiratory epithelium) or clusters containing both non-neural cells and neural cells, indicating the existence of different GBC populations (Chen et al., 2004). A subset of GBCs remains quiescent ...
... both neural (OSNs and GBCs) or non-neural cells (Bowman’s glands, sustentacular cells and cells of the respiratory epithelium) or clusters containing both non-neural cells and neural cells, indicating the existence of different GBC populations (Chen et al., 2004). A subset of GBCs remains quiescent ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
... (Harrison, 1914) yet surprisingly little is known about the cellular events of contact sensing and their transduction into directional growth, especially in neuronal growth cones. The aim of the present study was to describe the directional effects of substratum contours on the morphology of develop ...
... (Harrison, 1914) yet surprisingly little is known about the cellular events of contact sensing and their transduction into directional growth, especially in neuronal growth cones. The aim of the present study was to describe the directional effects of substratum contours on the morphology of develop ...
Axonally Synthesized ATF4 Transmits a Neurodegenerative Signal across Brain Regions Baleriola,
... changes within axons may be primary events driving the development of the classical pathological changes (Krstic and Knuesel, 2013). For example, in AD brains with amyloid plaques restricted to the cortex, subcortical neurons with cortical projections degenerate, suggesting that axonal exposure to A ...
... changes within axons may be primary events driving the development of the classical pathological changes (Krstic and Knuesel, 2013). For example, in AD brains with amyloid plaques restricted to the cortex, subcortical neurons with cortical projections degenerate, suggesting that axonal exposure to A ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.