(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... Percentage of observed save sequences in six representative sessions with different interest rates (q). (C) Saving index increased as a function of interest rate (monkey A: R2 = 0.61; monkey B: R2 = 0.71; both P < 0.03, linear regression), and mean index differed between monkeys (Inset; P = 0.005, p ...
... Percentage of observed save sequences in six representative sessions with different interest rates (q). (C) Saving index increased as a function of interest rate (monkey A: R2 = 0.61; monkey B: R2 = 0.71; both P < 0.03, linear regression), and mean index differed between monkeys (Inset; P = 0.005, p ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... should desire those things deemed most valuable to it. All mobile organisms possess such discriminatory capacities and can rank numerous dimensions in their world along axes that extend from good to bad. A kind of facile biological wisdom is built into these simple observations and we should expect ...
... should desire those things deemed most valuable to it. All mobile organisms possess such discriminatory capacities and can rank numerous dimensions in their world along axes that extend from good to bad. A kind of facile biological wisdom is built into these simple observations and we should expect ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... which visual stimuli were displayed. The cross represents the fixation point, and the small box indicates the eye position criterion window for correct performance of the task. Each of these trial types was randomly interleaved. As the number of possible target increased, the probability that any on ...
... which visual stimuli were displayed. The cross represents the fixation point, and the small box indicates the eye position criterion window for correct performance of the task. Each of these trial types was randomly interleaved. As the number of possible target increased, the probability that any on ...
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated
... is relatively impotent, it cannot be used as a sole anesthetic agent except when administered under hyperbaric conditions; therefore, it is most often used as an adjunctive general anesthetic agent for surgical procedures. The state of general anesthesia encompasses a syndrome of “behaviors” includi ...
... is relatively impotent, it cannot be used as a sole anesthetic agent except when administered under hyperbaric conditions; therefore, it is most often used as an adjunctive general anesthetic agent for surgical procedures. The state of general anesthesia encompasses a syndrome of “behaviors” includi ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike trains I which a Gaussian refractory time has been included. The solid line represents the probability density function of the exponential dist ...
... average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike trains I which a Gaussian refractory time has been included. The solid line represents the probability density function of the exponential dist ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... 2011, this updated connectivity dataset had been obtained before, and employed for example, in [4]. This refined dataset together with two-dimensional spatial locations of the C. elegans neurons in the animal’s body from [5–7] have been used in the present article. Similarly to previous works [4, 5, ...
... 2011, this updated connectivity dataset had been obtained before, and employed for example, in [4]. This refined dataset together with two-dimensional spatial locations of the C. elegans neurons in the animal’s body from [5–7] have been used in the present article. Similarly to previous works [4, 5, ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Animals can learn to modify their voluntary behavior to gain rewards in the positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approach ...
... Animals can learn to modify their voluntary behavior to gain rewards in the positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approach ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... Prader-Willi Syndrome is the most common syndromic form of human obesity and is caused by the loss of function of several genes, including MAGEL2. Mice lacking Magel2 display increased weight gain with excess adiposity and other defects suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-nu ...
... Prader-Willi Syndrome is the most common syndromic form of human obesity and is caused by the loss of function of several genes, including MAGEL2. Mice lacking Magel2 display increased weight gain with excess adiposity and other defects suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-nu ...
Aggression in Drosophila - American Psychological Association
... territory, food, and potential mates: Fruit flies are no exception. In Drosophila, both males and females compete in same sex fights for resources, but only males establish hierarchical relationships. Many investigators now study aggression using the fruit fly model, mainly because (a) aggression in ...
... territory, food, and potential mates: Fruit flies are no exception. In Drosophila, both males and females compete in same sex fights for resources, but only males establish hierarchical relationships. Many investigators now study aggression using the fruit fly model, mainly because (a) aggression in ...
University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... There is a significant amount of lateral connectivity between taste receptor cells within a bud; both electrical and chemical 91. It appears that the taste bud functions as a signal processor to sum and shape taste responses from the interconnected taste receptor cells. 1.3.2 Taste Transduction Tast ...
... There is a significant amount of lateral connectivity between taste receptor cells within a bud; both electrical and chemical 91. It appears that the taste bud functions as a signal processor to sum and shape taste responses from the interconnected taste receptor cells. 1.3.2 Taste Transduction Tast ...
NIH Public Access
... Delay-tuned neurons occur in auditory systems of many bat species (Pteronotus parnellii, O'Neill and Suga 1979, Suga et al., 1979; Myotis lucifugus, Sullivan 1982a,b; Eptesicus fuscus, Dear et al., 1993; Feng et al., 1978), Rhinolophus rouxi, Schuller et al., 1988, 1991; Carollia perspicillata, Hage ...
... Delay-tuned neurons occur in auditory systems of many bat species (Pteronotus parnellii, O'Neill and Suga 1979, Suga et al., 1979; Myotis lucifugus, Sullivan 1982a,b; Eptesicus fuscus, Dear et al., 1993; Feng et al., 1978), Rhinolophus rouxi, Schuller et al., 1988, 1991; Carollia perspicillata, Hage ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... Cajal observed that the DRN contained four types of neurons, which he described as being voluminous, fusiform, triangular and stellate. His description is in accordance with modern reports on other mammals, which also identify four morphologically distinct types of neurons in the DRN. They have been ...
... Cajal observed that the DRN contained four types of neurons, which he described as being voluminous, fusiform, triangular and stellate. His description is in accordance with modern reports on other mammals, which also identify four morphologically distinct types of neurons in the DRN. They have been ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... Fig. 1. Anatomy of the medicinal leech and its nervous system. (A) Schematic diagram of the leech, showing the major features of its nervous system. There are 21 segmentally homologous midbody ganglia, numbered M1–M21. The anterior brain (inset) consists of a supraesophageal ganglion (sup.) that is ...
... Fig. 1. Anatomy of the medicinal leech and its nervous system. (A) Schematic diagram of the leech, showing the major features of its nervous system. There are 21 segmentally homologous midbody ganglia, numbered M1–M21. The anterior brain (inset) consists of a supraesophageal ganglion (sup.) that is ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... frequency, whereas the LP and PY follower neurons fall silent (Thirumalai and Marder, 2002) (Fig. 2 A). Intracellular recordings of the PD neurons show slow-wave membrane oscillations with bursts of spikes during the depolarized phase of the slow wave. Bath application of 10 "6 M dopamine to the ent ...
... frequency, whereas the LP and PY follower neurons fall silent (Thirumalai and Marder, 2002) (Fig. 2 A). Intracellular recordings of the PD neurons show slow-wave membrane oscillations with bursts of spikes during the depolarized phase of the slow wave. Bath application of 10 "6 M dopamine to the ent ...
A Study of the Effects of Caffeine and Serotonin
... must produce an effect on the postsynaptic neuron. After it has transmitted it’s signal to this neuron, it must deactivate rapidly. It also must have the same effect on the postsynaptic neuron when applied experimentally as it does when released by a presynaptic neuron. Types of Neurotransmitters ...
... must produce an effect on the postsynaptic neuron. After it has transmitted it’s signal to this neuron, it must deactivate rapidly. It also must have the same effect on the postsynaptic neuron when applied experimentally as it does when released by a presynaptic neuron. Types of Neurotransmitters ...
Mechanisms of axon degeneration: From development to disease
... pathology. According to this definition, diseases of the nervous system can thus involve axonal and/or dendritic degeneration processes, but these likely only represent a rather small fraction of the pathology that can be associated with disease and/or age. As will become clear in the last part of t ...
... pathology. According to this definition, diseases of the nervous system can thus involve axonal and/or dendritic degeneration processes, but these likely only represent a rather small fraction of the pathology that can be associated with disease and/or age. As will become clear in the last part of t ...
A zebrafish model of CLN2 disease is deficient in
... In addition, novel defects in neurodevelopment are described, including reduced proliferation in the CNS and disorganized axon pathways, including the optic nerve, spinal motor nerves and the posterior commissure. Finally, we demonstrate a period of increased locomotion that indicates seizures befor ...
... In addition, novel defects in neurodevelopment are described, including reduced proliferation in the CNS and disorganized axon pathways, including the optic nerve, spinal motor nerves and the posterior commissure. Finally, we demonstrate a period of increased locomotion that indicates seizures befor ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... of the form, location and connectivity of the neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord, neurological diagnosis would be impossible. Excellent textbooks are available for students studying in the English language courses. Depending on the orientation of the authors, these descriptions are of vario ...
... of the form, location and connectivity of the neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord, neurological diagnosis would be impossible. Excellent textbooks are available for students studying in the English language courses. Depending on the orientation of the authors, these descriptions are of vario ...
A Critical Review of Secondary Neurodegeneration
... marked retention of [11C]PiB in regions of the brain known to contain large number of amyloid deposits in AD [28]. [11C]PiB has now also been used to detect the amyloid-β accumulation in other neurodegenerative conditions (reviewed in [29]), including stroke [4,18,20,30]. It should be noted that [11 ...
... marked retention of [11C]PiB in regions of the brain known to contain large number of amyloid deposits in AD [28]. [11C]PiB has now also been used to detect the amyloid-β accumulation in other neurodegenerative conditions (reviewed in [29]), including stroke [4,18,20,30]. It should be noted that [11 ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.