Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... Wilde et al. 1968; Kramer et al. 1977; de Kort 1981). The activity of the corpora allata appears to be partly regulated by peptide containing (peptidergic) neurons in the brain (Schooneveld 1970; Khan 1984). In the past many of such peptidergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of ...
... Wilde et al. 1968; Kramer et al. 1977; de Kort 1981). The activity of the corpora allata appears to be partly regulated by peptide containing (peptidergic) neurons in the brain (Schooneveld 1970; Khan 1984). In the past many of such peptidergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of ...
Sample
... Correct: Correct. Only Schwann cells can guide axonal regrowth after Incorrect: Incorrect. Stem cells are special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of manufacturing other cell types when those cells need to be replaced because of damage or wear and tear. ...
... Correct: Correct. Only Schwann cells can guide axonal regrowth after Incorrect: Incorrect. Stem cells are special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of manufacturing other cell types when those cells need to be replaced because of damage or wear and tear. ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... structures in aversion. The present findings may be also relevant for the fear conditioning field, in which the current model states that IL glutamatergic projections suppress fear by indirectly inhibiting CeA. Future experiments could assess whether optogenetically stimulating IL GABAergic projecti ...
... structures in aversion. The present findings may be also relevant for the fear conditioning field, in which the current model states that IL glutamatergic projections suppress fear by indirectly inhibiting CeA. Future experiments could assess whether optogenetically stimulating IL GABAergic projecti ...
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... (52/115) fired phasically at the onset of the CS+1 and/or CS+2 cues (23% of these fired to the CS+1, 21% of these fired to the CS+2, and 56% of these fired to both) (Figs. 2 and 4 and Fig. S1). The phasic response consisted of a rapid climb in firing rate to reach a peak within 200 ms of each CS+ tone on ...
... (52/115) fired phasically at the onset of the CS+1 and/or CS+2 cues (23% of these fired to the CS+1, 21% of these fired to the CS+2, and 56% of these fired to both) (Figs. 2 and 4 and Fig. S1). The phasic response consisted of a rapid climb in firing rate to reach a peak within 200 ms of each CS+ tone on ...
Week 3 – Day 1
... volume increases by 300 mL. What is the ice cream’s approximate final density? ...
... volume increases by 300 mL. What is the ice cream’s approximate final density? ...
Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from the substantia
... norepinephrine is injected intraventricularly than if it is endogenously synthesized from injected dopamine (29). The possibility that the action of amphetamine we observed could have been mediated by serotonergic nerve terminals taking up labeled dopamine and releasing it in ...
... norepinephrine is injected intraventricularly than if it is endogenously synthesized from injected dopamine (29). The possibility that the action of amphetamine we observed could have been mediated by serotonergic nerve terminals taking up labeled dopamine and releasing it in ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... Recently, however, the habenula has attracted a great deal of attention. One main reason for this is probably the part that it plays in the regulation of dopamine and serotonin systems. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that these neuromodulators are essential for normal motor and mental ...
... Recently, however, the habenula has attracted a great deal of attention. One main reason for this is probably the part that it plays in the regulation of dopamine and serotonin systems. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that these neuromodulators are essential for normal motor and mental ...
to the Proceedings
... Information storage in the brain requires neural circuits that allow for meaningful computations and modes of plasticity that can change the routing and processing of activity patterns. These changes require certain constraints in order to retain information specificity. It is therefore widely hypot ...
... Information storage in the brain requires neural circuits that allow for meaningful computations and modes of plasticity that can change the routing and processing of activity patterns. These changes require certain constraints in order to retain information specificity. It is therefore widely hypot ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... The building of a nervous system during development can be divided into three phases: the generation of the correct cells in the correct places, the outgrowth of nerve processes, and the formation of synapses. All of these phases show a high degree of specificity, which means that a large amount of ...
... The building of a nervous system during development can be divided into three phases: the generation of the correct cells in the correct places, the outgrowth of nerve processes, and the formation of synapses. All of these phases show a high degree of specificity, which means that a large amount of ...
Descending Inhibitory Systems
... is impaired and this is associated with a loss of noradrenergic and serotoninergic fibers in the spinal dorsal horn (Iwata et al., 2002). Conditioning noxious stimulation, which presumably activates descending pain modulatory pathways, has induced a weaker pain suppressive effect in females than in ...
... is impaired and this is associated with a loss of noradrenergic and serotoninergic fibers in the spinal dorsal horn (Iwata et al., 2002). Conditioning noxious stimulation, which presumably activates descending pain modulatory pathways, has induced a weaker pain suppressive effect in females than in ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... Information processing in the cortex is believed to be facilitated by the interaction of large numbers of synaptically connected neurons. The combination of the computation individual neurons perform on their input with the pattern of flow of activation between the neurons create population activati ...
... Information processing in the cortex is believed to be facilitated by the interaction of large numbers of synaptically connected neurons. The combination of the computation individual neurons perform on their input with the pattern of flow of activation between the neurons create population activati ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on ...
... receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on ...
Effects of insulin under normal and low glucose on retinal
... Results. Insulin failed to affect retinal signals at normal glucose levels. However, insulin enhanced the low glucose-induced decrease in rod-driven b-wave amplitude (P < 0.05 at 2 mM; P < 0.01 at 1 mM) without affecting the corresponding changes in the optic nerve response. The standing potential i ...
... Results. Insulin failed to affect retinal signals at normal glucose levels. However, insulin enhanced the low glucose-induced decrease in rod-driven b-wave amplitude (P < 0.05 at 2 mM; P < 0.01 at 1 mM) without affecting the corresponding changes in the optic nerve response. The standing potential i ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... brain is crucial for understanding the function of the olfactory system. Recent advances in multiphoton microscopy, genetics and viral tracing technologies have provided direct experimental access to this question, and in doing so shed new light on the question of topography in the olfactory cortex. ...
... brain is crucial for understanding the function of the olfactory system. Recent advances in multiphoton microscopy, genetics and viral tracing technologies have provided direct experimental access to this question, and in doing so shed new light on the question of topography in the olfactory cortex. ...
Document
... in the tree of life. Many of the challenges facing living organisms from those early days up to the present are due to chance and unpredictable. A number of environmental factors is not governed by chance however, but change in a cyclic and predictable pattern because they are driven by the daily ro ...
... in the tree of life. Many of the challenges facing living organisms from those early days up to the present are due to chance and unpredictable. A number of environmental factors is not governed by chance however, but change in a cyclic and predictable pattern because they are driven by the daily ro ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
... the superfusion solution and the experiment repeated. By subtracting the traces obtained under Ni2⫹/Cd2⫹ (Fig. 1D, green trace) from the traces recorded under control conditions, the short-latency peak almost completely disappeared, suggesting that it represents a “fiber volley” or axon terminal pot ...
... the superfusion solution and the experiment repeated. By subtracting the traces obtained under Ni2⫹/Cd2⫹ (Fig. 1D, green trace) from the traces recorded under control conditions, the short-latency peak almost completely disappeared, suggesting that it represents a “fiber volley” or axon terminal pot ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... Here we shall review available evidence in favour of the existence of a mirror neuron system in humans and consider whether it exhibits the same properties as those found in the ‘classic’ studies performed on non-human primates. This is a fundamental step because, before speculating about the number ...
... Here we shall review available evidence in favour of the existence of a mirror neuron system in humans and consider whether it exhibits the same properties as those found in the ‘classic’ studies performed on non-human primates. This is a fundamental step because, before speculating about the number ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... driven by the strength of the sensory or synaptic input in a feedforward way. For example, certain potassium currents may follow synaptic events or subthreshold voltage fluctuations (Trussell, 1999). Likewise, short-term synaptic plasticity can contribute to adaptation in a feedforward way (Best and ...
... driven by the strength of the sensory or synaptic input in a feedforward way. For example, certain potassium currents may follow synaptic events or subthreshold voltage fluctuations (Trussell, 1999). Likewise, short-term synaptic plasticity can contribute to adaptation in a feedforward way (Best and ...
Chapter 9 Nervous System
... peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ...
... peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... eries of all five tastes) differ significantly from C), and dark blue (2 mM Q). B, Relative palatability of the five different taste stimuli as determined by a brief access consumption zero, the neuron is deemed “taste responsive.” test. Palatability is measured as the average number of licks per 15 ...
... eries of all five tastes) differ significantly from C), and dark blue (2 mM Q). B, Relative palatability of the five different taste stimuli as determined by a brief access consumption zero, the neuron is deemed “taste responsive.” test. Palatability is measured as the average number of licks per 15 ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... (Pazour et al., 2002; Yoder et al., 2002), where they function in a mechanosensory capacity (Nauli et al., 2003). ADPKD is one of a number of human genetic diseases that are rooted in defects in cilia formation, maintenance, or function (Pazour, 2004; Pazour and Rosenbaum, 2002; Watnick and Germino, ...
... (Pazour et al., 2002; Yoder et al., 2002), where they function in a mechanosensory capacity (Nauli et al., 2003). ADPKD is one of a number of human genetic diseases that are rooted in defects in cilia formation, maintenance, or function (Pazour, 2004; Pazour and Rosenbaum, 2002; Watnick and Germino, ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.