Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat
... be emphasized that endogenous fields were not present in intracellular field sensitivity and optical mapping experiments. The term ‘uniform’ is consistently used in the literature to distinguish exogenous fields applied via large parallel wires, as used here, from ‘local’ or ‘radial’ fields applied ...
... be emphasized that endogenous fields were not present in intracellular field sensitivity and optical mapping experiments. The term ‘uniform’ is consistently used in the literature to distinguish exogenous fields applied via large parallel wires, as used here, from ‘local’ or ‘radial’ fields applied ...
a full bladder is sometimes a boon
... bladder pressure condition opted more often for the LL reward (M = 4.80; SD = 1.91) compared to people in the low bladder pressure condition (M = 4.02; SD = 1.63). In order to test for the expected moderation of BIS, we conducted a regression analysis with a contrast code for the manipulation of bla ...
... bladder pressure condition opted more often for the LL reward (M = 4.80; SD = 1.91) compared to people in the low bladder pressure condition (M = 4.02; SD = 1.63). In order to test for the expected moderation of BIS, we conducted a regression analysis with a contrast code for the manipulation of bla ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... ubiquitously throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems in almost all vertebrate and invertebrate species. The nAChRs are pentameric receptor complexes that serve as ligand-gated ion channels (FIG. 1). So far, 12 different neuronal nAChR subunits have been identified: α2–α10 and β2– ...
... ubiquitously throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems in almost all vertebrate and invertebrate species. The nAChRs are pentameric receptor complexes that serve as ligand-gated ion channels (FIG. 1). So far, 12 different neuronal nAChR subunits have been identified: α2–α10 and β2– ...
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... field of a place cell created from multiple runs in the eastward direction. Bottom: EEG theta rhythm and place cell firing (in red) for the same cell on a single eastward run. Ticks above the spikes indicate 0°/360° phase for each theta cycle. Bursts of spikes occur at higher than theta frequency ca ...
... field of a place cell created from multiple runs in the eastward direction. Bottom: EEG theta rhythm and place cell firing (in red) for the same cell on a single eastward run. Ticks above the spikes indicate 0°/360° phase for each theta cycle. Bursts of spikes occur at higher than theta frequency ca ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... hydrolyzes cGMP, an important intracellular messenger that activates protein kinase G (PKG), which then activates a wide-range of intracellular signals [1]. In addition, cGMP activates cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, which play an important role in neuronal physiology [2]. Since PDE5 hydrolyze ...
... hydrolyzes cGMP, an important intracellular messenger that activates protein kinase G (PKG), which then activates a wide-range of intracellular signals [1]. In addition, cGMP activates cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, which play an important role in neuronal physiology [2]. Since PDE5 hydrolyze ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... Neuronal Activity Influences Xenopus laevis RGC Axon Arborization Studies of Xenopus RGCs have shown that, like in mammals and in zebrafish, action potentials are also important for the development of axonal arbor morphology at the tectum. Neuronal activity stabilizes Xenopus RGC axonal arbors. Time ...
... Neuronal Activity Influences Xenopus laevis RGC Axon Arborization Studies of Xenopus RGCs have shown that, like in mammals and in zebrafish, action potentials are also important for the development of axonal arbor morphology at the tectum. Neuronal activity stabilizes Xenopus RGC axonal arbors. Time ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... reversal potential, because then the effect of synaptic input was always hyperpolarizing during the time course of an active potential and its repolarization. Second, the ratio between the synaptic decay time constant (τsyn ) and the oscillation period had to be sufficiently large, because with smal ...
... reversal potential, because then the effect of synaptic input was always hyperpolarizing during the time course of an active potential and its repolarization. Second, the ratio between the synaptic decay time constant (τsyn ) and the oscillation period had to be sufficiently large, because with smal ...
Morphometric changes of the central nervous system of
... ing legs (Fig. 1B1). Specimens affected by bilateral oligomely (3/3) lacked an entire neuromere of walking legs in the subesophageal part of the nervous system. Its absence did not disturb the symmetry of this part, but it was considerably shorter than that of the control specimens (Fig. 1C1). It sh ...
... ing legs (Fig. 1B1). Specimens affected by bilateral oligomely (3/3) lacked an entire neuromere of walking legs in the subesophageal part of the nervous system. Its absence did not disturb the symmetry of this part, but it was considerably shorter than that of the control specimens (Fig. 1C1). It sh ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... field of a place cell created from multiple runs in the eastward direction. Bottom: EEG theta rhythm and place cell firing (in red) for the same cell on a single eastward run. Ticks above the spikes indicate 0°/360° phase for each theta cycle. Bursts of spikes occur at higher than theta frequency ca ...
... field of a place cell created from multiple runs in the eastward direction. Bottom: EEG theta rhythm and place cell firing (in red) for the same cell on a single eastward run. Ticks above the spikes indicate 0°/360° phase for each theta cycle. Bursts of spikes occur at higher than theta frequency ca ...
Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
... taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG). This receptor detects the presence of glutamate, an amino acid found in ___________. ...
... taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG). This receptor detects the presence of glutamate, an amino acid found in ___________. ...
Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective
... as described previously (Ambalavanar et al. 1999). All animals were anesthetized at the same time of day initially with ketamine (25–30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (.5–1.0 mg/kg) and then maintained on alpha chloralose (40 mg/kg) to effect. Paw withdrawal reflexes were checked every 30 min to ...
... as described previously (Ambalavanar et al. 1999). All animals were anesthetized at the same time of day initially with ketamine (25–30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (.5–1.0 mg/kg) and then maintained on alpha chloralose (40 mg/kg) to effect. Paw withdrawal reflexes were checked every 30 min to ...
angol tézisfüzet0531
... The retrograde tracer cholera toxin β subunit (CTB; List Biological Laboratories) was injected into specific brain regions where the majority of PHAL/pro-TRHcontaining, double-labeled axons were found in the anterograde tract-tracing experiment (0.5% CTB, 6.0 µamps for 11-15 min, pulsed at 7 second ...
... The retrograde tracer cholera toxin β subunit (CTB; List Biological Laboratories) was injected into specific brain regions where the majority of PHAL/pro-TRHcontaining, double-labeled axons were found in the anterograde tract-tracing experiment (0.5% CTB, 6.0 µamps for 11-15 min, pulsed at 7 second ...
Glutamate Dehydrogenases: Enzymology, Physiological
... involved in insulin homeostasis, and oxidation of glutamate mediates amino acid-stimulated insulin secretion [8]. In the central nervous system, glutamate serves as a neurotransmitter and also as the precursor of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as glutamine, a pot ...
... involved in insulin homeostasis, and oxidation of glutamate mediates amino acid-stimulated insulin secretion [8]. In the central nervous system, glutamate serves as a neurotransmitter and also as the precursor of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as glutamine, a pot ...
The Big Picture File
... ganglia and at synapses between autonomic nerves and targets SS also uses norepinephrine and epinephrine (noradrenalin and adrenalin) operates at four major receptor types, collectively called adrenoreceptors http://pharmacology-notes-free.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/neurotransmitters-associated-with.htm ...
... ganglia and at synapses between autonomic nerves and targets SS also uses norepinephrine and epinephrine (noradrenalin and adrenalin) operates at four major receptor types, collectively called adrenoreceptors http://pharmacology-notes-free.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/neurotransmitters-associated-with.htm ...
Development - Publications Repository
... SEMA3F being expressed in r3 and r5 and NRP2 being expressed by the r2-derived (trigeminal) and r4-derived (hyoid) neural crest cells (Gammill et al., 2007; Eickholt et al., 1999). Moreover, cranial neural crest cells travel through the normally crest-free zone at r3 level when semaphorin function i ...
... SEMA3F being expressed in r3 and r5 and NRP2 being expressed by the r2-derived (trigeminal) and r4-derived (hyoid) neural crest cells (Gammill et al., 2007; Eickholt et al., 1999). Moreover, cranial neural crest cells travel through the normally crest-free zone at r3 level when semaphorin function i ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... of the NAS, with no statistically significant differences in the proportion of response types in either area. Analysis of videotaped cocaine self-administration behaviors revealed that anticipatory responses were specifically associated either with the animal orienting toward and pressing the lever ...
... of the NAS, with no statistically significant differences in the proportion of response types in either area. Analysis of videotaped cocaine self-administration behaviors revealed that anticipatory responses were specifically associated either with the animal orienting toward and pressing the lever ...
Ciliary neurotrophic factor may activate mature
... The main result of this study is that CNTF can provoke biochemical changes in mature astrocytes in vitro, as previously observed in immature glial cells. The receptor system is not, however, the complete tripartite CNTF receptor since it does not involve the specific ␣ subunit. A convergent body of ...
... The main result of this study is that CNTF can provoke biochemical changes in mature astrocytes in vitro, as previously observed in immature glial cells. The receptor system is not, however, the complete tripartite CNTF receptor since it does not involve the specific ␣ subunit. A convergent body of ...
Reuss 9..48
... to entrain to light/dark-cycles, leading to the assumption that neuronal and endothelial NO may not be necessary for photic entrainment [Kriegsfeld et al., 1999]. It is, however, probable that developmental mechanisms compensate the lack of NOS. For example, it was suggested that other guanylate cyc ...
... to entrain to light/dark-cycles, leading to the assumption that neuronal and endothelial NO may not be necessary for photic entrainment [Kriegsfeld et al., 1999]. It is, however, probable that developmental mechanisms compensate the lack of NOS. For example, it was suggested that other guanylate cyc ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... clearly consistent with the tenets of predictive coding. Another potential mechanism for the suppression of prediction error is an inhibitory action of layer 1 activation on layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (Shlosberg et al. 2006). Additional findings from non-invasive human studies suggest that top-down ...
... clearly consistent with the tenets of predictive coding. Another potential mechanism for the suppression of prediction error is an inhibitory action of layer 1 activation on layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (Shlosberg et al. 2006). Additional findings from non-invasive human studies suggest that top-down ...
Central Nervous System
... nervous tissue together structurally and functionally. Glia holding the functioning neurons together, protect them and regulate neuron function. ...
... nervous tissue together structurally and functionally. Glia holding the functioning neurons together, protect them and regulate neuron function. ...
Chapter 18
... different effect, but because it has a more rapid effect. • In fact, heroin is converted to morphine as soon as it reaches the brain. But because heroin is more lipid soluble, it passes through the blood–brain barrier more rapidly, and its effects on the brain are felt sooner than those of morphine. ...
... different effect, but because it has a more rapid effect. • In fact, heroin is converted to morphine as soon as it reaches the brain. But because heroin is more lipid soluble, it passes through the blood–brain barrier more rapidly, and its effects on the brain are felt sooner than those of morphine. ...
Negative Reinforcement
... different effect, but because it has a more rapid effect. • In fact, heroin is converted to morphine as soon as it reaches the brain. But because heroin is more lipid soluble, it passes through the blood–brain barrier more rapidly, and its effects on the brain are felt sooner than those of morphine. ...
... different effect, but because it has a more rapid effect. • In fact, heroin is converted to morphine as soon as it reaches the brain. But because heroin is more lipid soluble, it passes through the blood–brain barrier more rapidly, and its effects on the brain are felt sooner than those of morphine. ...
NIH Public Access
... Isolated, respiring mitochondria accumulate Ca2+ when the concentration of the cation in their immediate environment rises above the ‘set-point’ at which the rates of uptake via the Ca2+ uniporter and efflux via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are in balance [1] (Fig. 1a). With isolated brain m ...
... Isolated, respiring mitochondria accumulate Ca2+ when the concentration of the cation in their immediate environment rises above the ‘set-point’ at which the rates of uptake via the Ca2+ uniporter and efflux via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are in balance [1] (Fig. 1a). With isolated brain m ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... neurons (Holloway, 1966; Volkmar and Greenough, 1972; Greenough and Volkmar, 1973; Juraska, 1982). These results are intriguing and have been used to support the hypothesis that experience alters dendritic form dynamically in both the developing and the mature animal as it interacts with its environ ...
... neurons (Holloway, 1966; Volkmar and Greenough, 1972; Greenough and Volkmar, 1973; Juraska, 1982). These results are intriguing and have been used to support the hypothesis that experience alters dendritic form dynamically in both the developing and the mature animal as it interacts with its environ ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.