NIH Public Access
... Isolated, respiring mitochondria accumulate Ca2+ when the concentration of the cation in their immediate environment rises above the ‘set-point’ at which the rates of uptake via the Ca2+ uniporter and efflux via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are in balance [1] (Fig. 1a). With isolated brain m ...
... Isolated, respiring mitochondria accumulate Ca2+ when the concentration of the cation in their immediate environment rises above the ‘set-point’ at which the rates of uptake via the Ca2+ uniporter and efflux via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are in balance [1] (Fig. 1a). With isolated brain m ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... Gleeson, 2011; Wilson et al., 2012). The potential significance of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disru ...
... Gleeson, 2011; Wilson et al., 2012). The potential significance of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disru ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
... liquid or a conditioned sound as reinforcement. An initial instruction picture indicated the behavioral reaction to be performed (movement vs. nonmovement) and the reinforcer to be obtained (liquid vs. sound) after a subsequent trigger stimulus. We found task-related activations in 188 of 505 neuron ...
... liquid or a conditioned sound as reinforcement. An initial instruction picture indicated the behavioral reaction to be performed (movement vs. nonmovement) and the reinforcer to be obtained (liquid vs. sound) after a subsequent trigger stimulus. We found task-related activations in 188 of 505 neuron ...
Filamentous contacts: the ultrastructure and three
... &p.1:Abstract. Filamentous contacts are non-synaptic interneuronal junctions characteristic of thalamic relay nuclei. Symmetrical filamentous contacts occur between two dendrites, two somata or a dendrite and a soma; asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or oc ...
... &p.1:Abstract. Filamentous contacts are non-synaptic interneuronal junctions characteristic of thalamic relay nuclei. Symmetrical filamentous contacts occur between two dendrites, two somata or a dendrite and a soma; asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or oc ...
Word - The Open University
... acid, DNA, molecules found in each cell. These molecules are the genetic material, and they store the information for the construction of the organism. The same set of DNA molecules is found in every cell of an organism (its genome). (There are some exceptions to this such as sperm, unfertilised egg ...
... acid, DNA, molecules found in each cell. These molecules are the genetic material, and they store the information for the construction of the organism. The same set of DNA molecules is found in every cell of an organism (its genome). (There are some exceptions to this such as sperm, unfertilised egg ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
... withdrawal reflexes. Body temperature was monitored and maintained at 37 6 1.0°C by a heating pad controlled by a temperature controller (model 73; Yellow Springs Instruments). The animal was placed in a Kopf stereotaxic frame, and a hole was drilled through the parietal bone to expose the brain tis ...
... withdrawal reflexes. Body temperature was monitored and maintained at 37 6 1.0°C by a heating pad controlled by a temperature controller (model 73; Yellow Springs Instruments). The animal was placed in a Kopf stereotaxic frame, and a hole was drilled through the parietal bone to expose the brain tis ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... precede the movement, often by more than 100 ms, have been referred to as preparatory APAs (pAPAs; Gahéry 1987). There are also postural responses that occur during the movement and ...
... precede the movement, often by more than 100 ms, have been referred to as preparatory APAs (pAPAs; Gahéry 1987). There are also postural responses that occur during the movement and ...
Document
... Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor molecules in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, opening ion channels and thereby stimulating impulse conduction by the membrane Names of neurotransmitters—acetylcholine, catecholamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin), and other compounds ...
... Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor molecules in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, opening ion channels and thereby stimulating impulse conduction by the membrane Names of neurotransmitters—acetylcholine, catecholamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin), and other compounds ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... a good candidate neuropil to extract these visual features from local input and to supply this information to more specialized downstream brain regions. The large lobula plate neurons, which integrate local motion inputs and thus respond in a directionselective way to motion in a large part of the v ...
... a good candidate neuropil to extract these visual features from local input and to supply this information to more specialized downstream brain regions. The large lobula plate neurons, which integrate local motion inputs and thus respond in a directionselective way to motion in a large part of the v ...
Relació estructura-funció en la família de transportadors d'aminoàcids heteromultimèrics.
... in the irans-compartment) and has been postulated to serve in many circumstances to mediate efflux from cells rather than influx into cells (96). Preferred substrates for system A are alanine, serine, and glutamine, and for system ASC alanine, serine, and cysteine (99, 101). In contrast, amino acids ...
... in the irans-compartment) and has been postulated to serve in many circumstances to mediate efflux from cells rather than influx into cells (96). Preferred substrates for system A are alanine, serine, and glutamine, and for system ASC alanine, serine, and cysteine (99, 101). In contrast, amino acids ...
Psilocybin Final Project-PDF
... which includes the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, is responsible for introspective thought, self-reflection and ingrained patterns of behavior. If this becomes overly engaged with negative thoughts or cravings it can lead to the previously mentioned ...
... which includes the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, is responsible for introspective thought, self-reflection and ingrained patterns of behavior. If this becomes overly engaged with negative thoughts or cravings it can lead to the previously mentioned ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... (KATP) channel to sense glucose. That is, similar to the pancreatic b-cell, rising glucose levels increase the intracellular ATP to ADP ratio and close the KATP channel. This depolarizes the b-cell and activates voltage-sensitive calcium channels that mediate insulin secretion [20]. However, glucose ...
... (KATP) channel to sense glucose. That is, similar to the pancreatic b-cell, rising glucose levels increase the intracellular ATP to ADP ratio and close the KATP channel. This depolarizes the b-cell and activates voltage-sensitive calcium channels that mediate insulin secretion [20]. However, glucose ...
PDF - Bellen Lab
... 1998). However, more recent studies of ROP, the Drosophila Sec1 homolog, have demonstrated that this protein also performs an inhibitory role in exocytosis in vivo (Schulze et al., 1994; Wu et al., 1998). Hence, it is unclear whether the positive or inhibitory function of ROP/nsec1 is mediated by it ...
... 1998). However, more recent studies of ROP, the Drosophila Sec1 homolog, have demonstrated that this protein also performs an inhibitory role in exocytosis in vivo (Schulze et al., 1994; Wu et al., 1998). Hence, it is unclear whether the positive or inhibitory function of ROP/nsec1 is mediated by it ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... the severity of the static ocular motor and p$ostural symptoms that follow UVD, associated with a recovery of resting activity in the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus complex (VNC). The speed of static compensation in some mammalian species (for example, cat) has suggested that reactive synaptogenesis ...
... the severity of the static ocular motor and p$ostural symptoms that follow UVD, associated with a recovery of resting activity in the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus complex (VNC). The speed of static compensation in some mammalian species (for example, cat) has suggested that reactive synaptogenesis ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... Indeed, the very development of motor systems as well as the formation of motor plans are profoundly shaped by sensory inputs. For example, the development of the mirror neuron system depends on sensorimotor experience (Catmur, 2012) and, the successful development of birdsong depends on intact HVC ...
... Indeed, the very development of motor systems as well as the formation of motor plans are profoundly shaped by sensory inputs. For example, the development of the mirror neuron system depends on sensorimotor experience (Catmur, 2012) and, the successful development of birdsong depends on intact HVC ...
Calcium Regulation of Dendritic Growth via CaM Kinase IV and
... dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptors, and pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors markedly reduces dendritic growth rates (Rajan and Cline, 1998). While these observations indicate that afferent activity plays a critical role in regulating dendritic growt ...
... dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptors, and pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors markedly reduces dendritic growth rates (Rajan and Cline, 1998). While these observations indicate that afferent activity plays a critical role in regulating dendritic growt ...
the vagus nerve - European Medical Journal
... in mind that each trunk receives fibres from both cervical vagus nerves.5 The number of posterior and anterior trunks passing through the diaphragmatic opening is variable, up to two in the former and three in the latter.5 The anterior trunk distributes gastric branches to the anterior aspect of the ...
... in mind that each trunk receives fibres from both cervical vagus nerves.5 The number of posterior and anterior trunks passing through the diaphragmatic opening is variable, up to two in the former and three in the latter.5 The anterior trunk distributes gastric branches to the anterior aspect of the ...
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
... What are the structures and functions of the central nervous system? What are the structures and functions of the peripheral nervous system? What is a reflex? What are two ways in which the nervous system can be injured? ...
... What are the structures and functions of the central nervous system? What are the structures and functions of the peripheral nervous system? What is a reflex? What are two ways in which the nervous system can be injured? ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, 3Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for ...
... Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, 3Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for ...
Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on
... by Lawson et al.28 reported an inverse correlation between leptin levels and the severity of depression symptoms. These correlational studies suggest that leptin signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders. Leptin exerts its effects by activating the long form of t ...
... by Lawson et al.28 reported an inverse correlation between leptin levels and the severity of depression symptoms. These correlational studies suggest that leptin signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders. Leptin exerts its effects by activating the long form of t ...
The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom
... Synopsis The marine mollusc, Aplysia californica is a powerful experimental model in cellular and systems neuroscience. Aplysia neurons are large, colored, and located at the ganglionic surface. Because of this, many neurons can be easily identified in terms of their physiological properties, synapt ...
... Synopsis The marine mollusc, Aplysia californica is a powerful experimental model in cellular and systems neuroscience. Aplysia neurons are large, colored, and located at the ganglionic surface. Because of this, many neurons can be easily identified in terms of their physiological properties, synapt ...
PDF
... The closely related LIM HD proteins Lhx6 and Lhx7 (also called L3/Lhx8) (Grigoriou et al., 1998; Matsumoto et al., 1996) have been implicated in the development of MGE derivatives, including cortical GABAergic interneurons and ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs) (Alifragis et al., 2004; Bac ...
... The closely related LIM HD proteins Lhx6 and Lhx7 (also called L3/Lhx8) (Grigoriou et al., 1998; Matsumoto et al., 1996) have been implicated in the development of MGE derivatives, including cortical GABAergic interneurons and ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs) (Alifragis et al., 2004; Bac ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.