Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... are thus likely to drive not only neck but also ocular motoneurons. The resulting eye movements should be of low velocity if it is assumed that the saccadic generator is totally or partially bypassed. Relationships of TRSNs and orienting-related RSNs with neurons of the saccadic generator are not ye ...
... are thus likely to drive not only neck but also ocular motoneurons. The resulting eye movements should be of low velocity if it is assumed that the saccadic generator is totally or partially bypassed. Relationships of TRSNs and orienting-related RSNs with neurons of the saccadic generator are not ye ...
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... The closely related LIM HD proteins Lhx6 and Lhx7 (also called L3/Lhx8) (Grigoriou et al., 1998; Matsumoto et al., 1996) have been implicated in the development of MGE derivatives, including cortical GABAergic interneurons and ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs) (Alifragis et al., 2004; Bac ...
... The closely related LIM HD proteins Lhx6 and Lhx7 (also called L3/Lhx8) (Grigoriou et al., 1998; Matsumoto et al., 1996) have been implicated in the development of MGE derivatives, including cortical GABAergic interneurons and ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs) (Alifragis et al., 2004; Bac ...
Poly(A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 regulates the
... To investigate a potential role of Pabpn1 in 3’UTR lengthening in hippocampal neurons, we used RNA interference, treating dissociated hippocampal cultured neurons with either a non-targeting shRNA control or an shRNA against Pabpn1 (Figure 2B). Neurons treated with the Pabpn1 shRNA exhibited a ~ 50% ...
... To investigate a potential role of Pabpn1 in 3’UTR lengthening in hippocampal neurons, we used RNA interference, treating dissociated hippocampal cultured neurons with either a non-targeting shRNA control or an shRNA against Pabpn1 (Figure 2B). Neurons treated with the Pabpn1 shRNA exhibited a ~ 50% ...
Comparative neuronal morphology of the
... cues at particular depths of the molecular layer. Under the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer contains the large somata of Purkinje neurons, arranged in a single row, providing a clear demarcation between the other two layers. The deep granule cell layer contains the somata of two relatively ...
... cues at particular depths of the molecular layer. Under the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer contains the large somata of Purkinje neurons, arranged in a single row, providing a clear demarcation between the other two layers. The deep granule cell layer contains the somata of two relatively ...
The habenular nuclei - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... 1985). There is evidence that a wide range of additional neurotransmitters are present in the IPN, including g-aminobutyric acid (GABA, probably deriving from the DBB), substance P (from the MHb) and various monoamines (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) and neuropeptides (including cholecystoki ...
... 1985). There is evidence that a wide range of additional neurotransmitters are present in the IPN, including g-aminobutyric acid (GABA, probably deriving from the DBB), substance P (from the MHb) and various monoamines (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) and neuropeptides (including cholecystoki ...
A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... Let Sju be the number of synapses in cortical layer u (of cat area 17) formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in la ...
... Let Sju be the number of synapses in cortical layer u (of cat area 17) formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in la ...
Ionic Mechanisms in the Generation of Subthreshold Oscillations and
... 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of the membrane potential during the later stages of a hyperpolari ...
... 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of the membrane potential during the later stages of a hyperpolari ...
Effect of Tactile Inputs on Thalamic Responses to Noxious
... of tactile inputs on thalamic responses to noxious colorectal distension in rat. J Neurophysiol 88: 1185–1196, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00977.2001. Recent discoveries of visceral nociceptive inputs sharing the classical tactile pathway in the dorsal-column medial lemniscus system have opened a new venue for ...
... of tactile inputs on thalamic responses to noxious colorectal distension in rat. J Neurophysiol 88: 1185–1196, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00977.2001. Recent discoveries of visceral nociceptive inputs sharing the classical tactile pathway in the dorsal-column medial lemniscus system have opened a new venue for ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... from more realistic synapses that suffer from a bounded dynamical range. Second, at the level of retrieval, there are also several aspects of hippocampal circuit dynamics of which we lack a theoretical account. For example, experimental work has long shown that synaptic plasticity is accompanied by ...
... from more realistic synapses that suffer from a bounded dynamical range. Second, at the level of retrieval, there are also several aspects of hippocampal circuit dynamics of which we lack a theoretical account. For example, experimental work has long shown that synaptic plasticity is accompanied by ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... FIG. 3. Spike activity in neuron B4 blocked the conduction of afferent spikes in B21 that are evoked by tactile stimulation of B21’s radula receptive field. A 1.0-g punctate tactile stimulus (touch) was repeatedly applied to a portion of the B21 radula receptive field (at arrows). To assure that the ...
... FIG. 3. Spike activity in neuron B4 blocked the conduction of afferent spikes in B21 that are evoked by tactile stimulation of B21’s radula receptive field. A 1.0-g punctate tactile stimulus (touch) was repeatedly applied to a portion of the B21 radula receptive field (at arrows). To assure that the ...
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen
... perfectly suited for this endeavor: The nematode C. elegans. Its anatomy down to the cellular level is almost invariant amongst individuals. Modern techniques allow to slice the nematode in order to digitally reconstruct it [6, 7]. In its far more common hermaphrodite form it is made up of exactly 9 ...
... perfectly suited for this endeavor: The nematode C. elegans. Its anatomy down to the cellular level is almost invariant amongst individuals. Modern techniques allow to slice the nematode in order to digitally reconstruct it [6, 7]. In its far more common hermaphrodite form it is made up of exactly 9 ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1) - test bank and solution manual for your
... 30. When the electric potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state, this electrical charge reversal is known as the _________________. a) resting potential Incorrect. This would be when a cell continued to be at rest. b) excitation reaction c) action potential Correct. This is the state w ...
... 30. When the electric potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state, this electrical charge reversal is known as the _________________. a) resting potential Incorrect. This would be when a cell continued to be at rest. b) excitation reaction c) action potential Correct. This is the state w ...
CHAPTER TWO - Test Bank 1
... 34. During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ______ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting potential, t ...
... 34. During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ______ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting potential, t ...
Orexinergic Input to Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Ventral
... input to TH-IR neurons of the VTA and SN, several immunohistochemical parameters of these connections were analyzed quantitatively and data obtained from 5 rats and 5 humans compared. In each of these comparative studies the counting of neuronal appositions was carried out using a X63 oil-immersion ...
... input to TH-IR neurons of the VTA and SN, several immunohistochemical parameters of these connections were analyzed quantitatively and data obtained from 5 rats and 5 humans compared. In each of these comparative studies the counting of neuronal appositions was carried out using a X63 oil-immersion ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... receive inputs from local spinal networks, descending pathways, and sensory neurons. Little is known about the response of these inputs to the factors that trigger disease. There is some evidence that spinal circuit abnormalities may occur in ALS (Soliven and Maselli, 1992; Schütz, 2005; Jiang et a ...
... receive inputs from local spinal networks, descending pathways, and sensory neurons. Little is known about the response of these inputs to the factors that trigger disease. There is some evidence that spinal circuit abnormalities may occur in ALS (Soliven and Maselli, 1992; Schütz, 2005; Jiang et a ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... As described in Chapter 13, the vestibular nuclei are the major destination of the axons that form the vestibular division of the eighth cranial nerve; as such, they receive sensory information from the semicircular canals and the otolith organs that specifies the position and angular acceleration o ...
... As described in Chapter 13, the vestibular nuclei are the major destination of the axons that form the vestibular division of the eighth cranial nerve; as such, they receive sensory information from the semicircular canals and the otolith organs that specifies the position and angular acceleration o ...
Imaging Auditory Representations of Song and Syllables in
... AlexaFluor-594 dextran (10,000 MW, Invitrogen) or red fluorescent latex beads (Lumafluor) were injected into Area X or RA, respectively, 4 –7 d before imaging experiments. For n ⫽ 3 birds, dextran was injected into RA to make soma area measurements of HVCRA cells. Birds were anesthetized with isoflu ...
... AlexaFluor-594 dextran (10,000 MW, Invitrogen) or red fluorescent latex beads (Lumafluor) were injected into Area X or RA, respectively, 4 –7 d before imaging experiments. For n ⫽ 3 birds, dextran was injected into RA to make soma area measurements of HVCRA cells. Birds were anesthetized with isoflu ...
chapter_9_powerpoint_le - AandP2010-2011
... B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ...
... B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.