Schwartz
... blocks was separated by a 95 s inter-block interval, during which images were digitized at 12-bit resolution and stored on the hard drive. Electrophysiology and Iontophoresis Epidural electrocorticography (ECoG) was monitored with two AgCl electrodes on either side of the craniotomy, ∼5 mm from the ...
... blocks was separated by a 95 s inter-block interval, during which images were digitized at 12-bit resolution and stored on the hard drive. Electrophysiology and Iontophoresis Epidural electrocorticography (ECoG) was monitored with two AgCl electrodes on either side of the craniotomy, ∼5 mm from the ...
α3β1 integrin modulates neuronal migration and placement during
... time. In wild-type cells, actin microspike elongation or retraction occurred at a rate of 1.27±0.06 µm/minute (n=51), whereas in α3 integrin null cells it occurred at a rate of 0.28±0.02 µm/minute (n=53, significant at P<0.01, Student’s t-test). The percentage of actin microspikes that showed any ch ...
... time. In wild-type cells, actin microspike elongation or retraction occurred at a rate of 1.27±0.06 µm/minute (n=51), whereas in α3 integrin null cells it occurred at a rate of 0.28±0.02 µm/minute (n=53, significant at P<0.01, Student’s t-test). The percentage of actin microspikes that showed any ch ...
The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in
... individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individuals experienced a decrease in loudness is in agreement with the reported findings that cells in the ICX can respond to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation and can either ...
... individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individuals experienced a decrease in loudness is in agreement with the reported findings that cells in the ICX can respond to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation and can either ...
Morphological Studies of Wobbler Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia
... degeneration results in the denervation of skeletal muscles and eventually to progressive paralysis leading to respiratory arrest. Since first being described by Charcot in 1896, ALS has been investigated intensively and many cellular defects found in animal models have been suggested to cause these ...
... degeneration results in the denervation of skeletal muscles and eventually to progressive paralysis leading to respiratory arrest. Since first being described by Charcot in 1896, ALS has been investigated intensively and many cellular defects found in animal models have been suggested to cause these ...
Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... Cell responses in each epoch were assessed, trial by trial, by estimating the onset of neural response using the maximum likelihood estimator of a change point in a sequence of random variables (Seal et al., 1983; Commenges et al., 1986; see also Kutz et al., 2003 for a detailed description of the c ...
... Cell responses in each epoch were assessed, trial by trial, by estimating the onset of neural response using the maximum likelihood estimator of a change point in a sequence of random variables (Seal et al., 1983; Commenges et al., 1986; see also Kutz et al., 2003 for a detailed description of the c ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... medullary, pontine, diencephalic, and telencephalic brain regions that underlie these diverse processes. Direct projections from the cortex, limbic forebrain, and hypothalamus to the region of the A2 cell group provide a route through which emotional and cognitive events can modulate visceral respon ...
... medullary, pontine, diencephalic, and telencephalic brain regions that underlie these diverse processes. Direct projections from the cortex, limbic forebrain, and hypothalamus to the region of the A2 cell group provide a route through which emotional and cognitive events can modulate visceral respon ...
Pathophysiology of Paresthesia
... nerves sprouting from dorsal root ganglia, whereas C fibers make up to almost 20% of the primary afferents. Moreover, the activation threshold of Aδ fibers is higher than that of C fibers. On the molecular level, specific receptor distribution seems to be important for the various functions of senso ...
... nerves sprouting from dorsal root ganglia, whereas C fibers make up to almost 20% of the primary afferents. Moreover, the activation threshold of Aδ fibers is higher than that of C fibers. On the molecular level, specific receptor distribution seems to be important for the various functions of senso ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... when either side begins to overcome the other, the switch ‘flips’ into the alternative state. This flip-flop circuit model might explain why wake–sleep transitions are often relatively abrupt (one ‘falls’ asleep and suddenly wakens), and both humans and animals spend only a small part of each day (t ...
... when either side begins to overcome the other, the switch ‘flips’ into the alternative state. This flip-flop circuit model might explain why wake–sleep transitions are often relatively abrupt (one ‘falls’ asleep and suddenly wakens), and both humans and animals spend only a small part of each day (t ...
spinal cord and reflexes - Sinoe Medical Association
... thought. There are voluntary and involuntary reflexes. It is the voluntary reflexes we are considering here. As discussed earlier, a reflex involves at least 2 or 3 neurons. The reflex shown in this figure is called a 3neuron reflex because it requires three types of neurons: a sensory, an inter ...
... thought. There are voluntary and involuntary reflexes. It is the voluntary reflexes we are considering here. As discussed earlier, a reflex involves at least 2 or 3 neurons. The reflex shown in this figure is called a 3neuron reflex because it requires three types of neurons: a sensory, an inter ...
Intersegmental synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal
... activity of 17 neurons was increased during the occurrence of the spontaneous nCDPs recorded from L6 or L7 (synchronic neurons, see Fig. 1A–C). This is consistent with the observations of Sandkuhler and Eblen-Zajjur (1994) in the anesthetized rat, who also found neurons in laminae III–VI with sponta ...
... activity of 17 neurons was increased during the occurrence of the spontaneous nCDPs recorded from L6 or L7 (synchronic neurons, see Fig. 1A–C). This is consistent with the observations of Sandkuhler and Eblen-Zajjur (1994) in the anesthetized rat, who also found neurons in laminae III–VI with sponta ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... Data were analyzed using standard statistical packages (SigmaStat System, San Rafael, CA). All values are the mean of at least three independent experiments performed in duplicate. Comparison of the means was performed by one-way analysis of variance. Pairwise contrast between means utilized the Stu ...
... Data were analyzed using standard statistical packages (SigmaStat System, San Rafael, CA). All values are the mean of at least three independent experiments performed in duplicate. Comparison of the means was performed by one-way analysis of variance. Pairwise contrast between means utilized the Stu ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
Multisensory Integration of Dynamic Faces and Voices
... assessed based on mean modulation in microvolts evoked. The responses were based on the averages of 10 trials per stimulus, and all stimuli were presented in random order. The LFP responses to these time-varying auditory and visual signals were phasic; they were not typically sustained for the durat ...
... assessed based on mean modulation in microvolts evoked. The responses were based on the averages of 10 trials per stimulus, and all stimuli were presented in random order. The LFP responses to these time-varying auditory and visual signals were phasic; they were not typically sustained for the durat ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
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... fact, awake behaving states were traditionally characterized by “desynchronized EEG” in contrast to large-amplitude slow oscillations observed in quiet (non-rapid eye movement, non-REM) sleep (236, 908, 909, 913). It is an interesting and by no means obvious question as to how desynchronization or a ...
... fact, awake behaving states were traditionally characterized by “desynchronized EEG” in contrast to large-amplitude slow oscillations observed in quiet (non-rapid eye movement, non-REM) sleep (236, 908, 909, 913). It is an interesting and by no means obvious question as to how desynchronization or a ...
mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex
... studies, subjects were presented with images of colorful, complex stimuli in four nearby locations of the upper right quadrant of the visual field while they maintained fixation. Fixation was ensured by having subjects count occurrences of the letter T or L at fixation, an attentionally demanding ta ...
... studies, subjects were presented with images of colorful, complex stimuli in four nearby locations of the upper right quadrant of the visual field while they maintained fixation. Fixation was ensured by having subjects count occurrences of the letter T or L at fixation, an attentionally demanding ta ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... fact, awake behaving states were traditionally characterized by “desynchronized EEG” in contrast to large-amplitude slow oscillations observed in quiet (non-rapid eye movement, non-REM) sleep (236, 908, 909, 913). It is an interesting and by no means obvious question as to how desynchronization or a ...
... fact, awake behaving states were traditionally characterized by “desynchronized EEG” in contrast to large-amplitude slow oscillations observed in quiet (non-rapid eye movement, non-REM) sleep (236, 908, 909, 913). It is an interesting and by no means obvious question as to how desynchronization or a ...
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... The protocols for these experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conformed to the guidelines set by the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Female Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 220 and 270 g purchased from Har ...
... The protocols for these experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conformed to the guidelines set by the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Female Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 220 and 270 g purchased from Har ...
Diversity of reporter expression patterns in transgenic mouse lines
... Validation of the anti-CRH serum and expression mice pattern of the peptide in adult mouse Because of the crucial role of hypothalamic CRH in We employed here the antihuman/rat CRH serum initiating the neuroendocrine response to stress, we fo(rC68) created by Dr. Wylie Vale (31). This antiserum has ...
... Validation of the anti-CRH serum and expression mice pattern of the peptide in adult mouse Because of the crucial role of hypothalamic CRH in We employed here the antihuman/rat CRH serum initiating the neuroendocrine response to stress, we fo(rC68) created by Dr. Wylie Vale (31). This antiserum has ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... Animals and surgery. The subjects of these experiments were 24 female Fischer 344 (2-l 5 month) and 42 female Sprague-Dawley (3-10 month) rats. Surgery was performed under deep anesthesia induced by a mixture (4 ml/kg) of ketamine (25 mg/ml), rompun (1.3 mg/ml), and acepromazine (0.25 m&ml). The rat ...
... Animals and surgery. The subjects of these experiments were 24 female Fischer 344 (2-l 5 month) and 42 female Sprague-Dawley (3-10 month) rats. Surgery was performed under deep anesthesia induced by a mixture (4 ml/kg) of ketamine (25 mg/ml), rompun (1.3 mg/ml), and acepromazine (0.25 m&ml). The rat ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... An automatic threshold adaptation is one of the desirable extensions to the LISSOM model for enhancing its reliability and making it more relevant biologically [19, chapter 17]. In current LISSOM model, activation thresholds (the upper and lower bound of neuron’s activation function) should be tuned ...
... An automatic threshold adaptation is one of the desirable extensions to the LISSOM model for enhancing its reliability and making it more relevant biologically [19, chapter 17]. In current LISSOM model, activation thresholds (the upper and lower bound of neuron’s activation function) should be tuned ...
Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... were reacted using 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB; Sigma) and 0.01% H2O2 until dendrites and axonal arbors were clearly visible (after approximately 2–5 min). Slices were mounted on glass slides, embedded in Moviol (Hoechst AG, Frankf urt AM, Germany), and coverslipped. Individual selected spiny stellate ...
... were reacted using 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB; Sigma) and 0.01% H2O2 until dendrites and axonal arbors were clearly visible (after approximately 2–5 min). Slices were mounted on glass slides, embedded in Moviol (Hoechst AG, Frankf urt AM, Germany), and coverslipped. Individual selected spiny stellate ...