Condition interference in rats performing a choice task with switched
... upon responses to any situation is essential. To date, however, decision processes and the underlying neural substrates have been investigated under specific conditions; thus, little is known about how various conditions influence one another in these processes. In this study, we designed a binary c ...
... upon responses to any situation is essential. To date, however, decision processes and the underlying neural substrates have been investigated under specific conditions; thus, little is known about how various conditions influence one another in these processes. In this study, we designed a binary c ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... excitatory and inhibitory responses in both DA and non-DA neurons, although the proportions varied slightly. No responses were observed when cholinergic neurons were transduced only with the fluorescent reporter (Supplementary Fig. 6). Stimulation of axons from the PPN produced predominantly excitat ...
... excitatory and inhibitory responses in both DA and non-DA neurons, although the proportions varied slightly. No responses were observed when cholinergic neurons were transduced only with the fluorescent reporter (Supplementary Fig. 6). Stimulation of axons from the PPN produced predominantly excitat ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... the tasks the models have been shown to solve. In these tasks either no reward is given at all [31] or a reward is given or withheld at the end of every episode [32,33]. Such tasks are more akin to supervised learning paradigms, as the output of the network can be clearly identified as ‘right’ or ‘w ...
... the tasks the models have been shown to solve. In these tasks either no reward is given at all [31] or a reward is given or withheld at the end of every episode [32,33]. Such tasks are more akin to supervised learning paradigms, as the output of the network can be clearly identified as ‘right’ or ‘w ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... acids and inhibition to others, which is similar to that reported recently for Drosophila ORNs (Hallem and Carlson 2006; Hallem et al. 2004). Calcium imaging experiments, however, did suggest that individual ORNs in fish respond to multiple amino acids (Restrepo and Boyle 1991; Restrepo et al. 1990) ...
... acids and inhibition to others, which is similar to that reported recently for Drosophila ORNs (Hallem and Carlson 2006; Hallem et al. 2004). Calcium imaging experiments, however, did suggest that individual ORNs in fish respond to multiple amino acids (Restrepo and Boyle 1991; Restrepo et al. 1990) ...
Learning Innate Face Preferences
... addition to the primary visual cortex. The same model allows preferences for low-level features such as orientation or spatial frequency, and high-level features such as faces. to be compared, in order to account for the different categories of preferences found in experiments with newborns. Very fe ...
... addition to the primary visual cortex. The same model allows preferences for low-level features such as orientation or spatial frequency, and high-level features such as faces. to be compared, in order to account for the different categories of preferences found in experiments with newborns. Very fe ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... Interneurons in layers 2/3 are excited by pyramidal cells within the same layer (Reyes et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2000), but little is known about translaminar innervation of these interneurons by spiny neurons in the main cortical input layer 4 (L4). Here, we investigated (1) how efficiently L4 sp ...
... Interneurons in layers 2/3 are excited by pyramidal cells within the same layer (Reyes et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2000), but little is known about translaminar innervation of these interneurons by spiny neurons in the main cortical input layer 4 (L4). Here, we investigated (1) how efficiently L4 sp ...
judasMRT99
... described NADPH-d and nNOS-positive Cajal-Retzius cells in the rat neocortical marginal zone already at embryonic days E14 and E15, and stressed that these are the earliest appearing nitrinergic neurons in the neocortical anlage. Finally, NADPH-d neurons of the marginal zone were reported in all pub ...
... described NADPH-d and nNOS-positive Cajal-Retzius cells in the rat neocortical marginal zone already at embryonic days E14 and E15, and stressed that these are the earliest appearing nitrinergic neurons in the neocortical anlage. Finally, NADPH-d neurons of the marginal zone were reported in all pub ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... acids and inhibition to others, which is similar to that reported recently for Drosophila ORNs (Hallem and Carlson 2006; Hallem et al. 2004). Calcium imaging experiments, however, did suggest that individual ORNs in fish respond to multiple amino acids (Restrepo and Boyle 1991; Restrepo et al. 1990) ...
... acids and inhibition to others, which is similar to that reported recently for Drosophila ORNs (Hallem and Carlson 2006; Hallem et al. 2004). Calcium imaging experiments, however, did suggest that individual ORNs in fish respond to multiple amino acids (Restrepo and Boyle 1991; Restrepo et al. 1990) ...
Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective
... in which part of these pathways are involved when only the LAR is elicited. Because the LAR can be elicited using a single stimulus (Sasaki and Suzuki 1976), we used a very low rate of stimulation, 0.5 Hz, to prevent the occurrence of swallowing, cough and respiratory slowing. We also used a low sti ...
... in which part of these pathways are involved when only the LAR is elicited. Because the LAR can be elicited using a single stimulus (Sasaki and Suzuki 1976), we used a very low rate of stimulation, 0.5 Hz, to prevent the occurrence of swallowing, cough and respiratory slowing. We also used a low sti ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... Mirror neurons are a class of brain cells fortuitously discovered in the premotor cortex of the macaque monkey that become active during both execution and observation of the same action. This straightforward property is what enabled these neurons to conquer the fields of cognitive science and becom ...
... Mirror neurons are a class of brain cells fortuitously discovered in the premotor cortex of the macaque monkey that become active during both execution and observation of the same action. This straightforward property is what enabled these neurons to conquer the fields of cognitive science and becom ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3). The labeled SI-projecting neurons in Pulo were medium-sized to large, multipolar, and usually had five to nine primary dendrites with many branches (see Fig. 4). lab ...
... shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3). The labeled SI-projecting neurons in Pulo were medium-sized to large, multipolar, and usually had five to nine primary dendrites with many branches (see Fig. 4). lab ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... Remarkably, the synapses formed by a single cell onto different target neurons can show different plasticity. This phenomenon was discovered in cerebral cortex (Reyes et al., 1998) and is called “target cell-specific synaptic plasticity.” This phenomenon indicates that Pr is regulated by communicati ...
... Remarkably, the synapses formed by a single cell onto different target neurons can show different plasticity. This phenomenon was discovered in cerebral cortex (Reyes et al., 1998) and is called “target cell-specific synaptic plasticity.” This phenomenon indicates that Pr is regulated by communicati ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... and SOM interneurons5,7,10–13 . These studies generally found that VIP neurons are activated, and ...
... and SOM interneurons5,7,10–13 . These studies generally found that VIP neurons are activated, and ...
PPT
... Because you have to hunt through by hand to find the causal gene, and test experimentally. The smaller the region, the better. Best marker ...
... Because you have to hunt through by hand to find the causal gene, and test experimentally. The smaller the region, the better. Best marker ...
Chapter 2
... the central nucleus. Because IC subdivisions must be related to the constituent neurons and their inputs, the first part of this chapter discusses how the central nucleus and surrounding structures differ in this regard. One way to address the possible functional differences is through the study of ...
... the central nucleus. Because IC subdivisions must be related to the constituent neurons and their inputs, the first part of this chapter discusses how the central nucleus and surrounding structures differ in this regard. One way to address the possible functional differences is through the study of ...
Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway
... by detecting extremes in temperature and pressure and injury-related chemicals, and transducing these stimuli into long-ranging electrical signals that are relayed to higher brain centers. The activation of functionally distinct cutaneous nociceptor populations and the processing of information they ...
... by detecting extremes in temperature and pressure and injury-related chemicals, and transducing these stimuli into long-ranging electrical signals that are relayed to higher brain centers. The activation of functionally distinct cutaneous nociceptor populations and the processing of information they ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
NEOCORTEX
... and paleocortex (olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex) is the neocort¿x, which is the most recent arrival in evolutionary history and arguably the most impressive example of the genre. It has certainly impressed paleontologists, whose research on the fossil record of hominids has demonstrated that th ...
... and paleocortex (olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex) is the neocort¿x, which is the most recent arrival in evolutionary history and arguably the most impressive example of the genre. It has certainly impressed paleontologists, whose research on the fossil record of hominids has demonstrated that th ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation ...
... Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation ...